The chemotherapy of posterior Fossa tumors in childhood

Conventional therapy for brain tumors, consisting of neurosurgical intervention and radiotherapy, has not resulted in the successes achievable in other childhood malignancies. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy, well defined in many childhood cancers, has not yet contributed significantly to the treatment of children with brain tumors. Chemotherapy of recurrent tumors has produced regressions but no cures. The most active agents identified to date in the treatment of recurrent posterior fossa tumors include cisplatinum, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate. Future efforts will need to focus on the rational selection of drugs for study in limited agent histology-stratified phase II trials, with advancement of active agents into large randomized phase III adjuvant therapy trials.     

The CT criteria for conservative treatment — but under close clinical observation — of posterior fossa epidural haematomas

Summary In order to assess whether the indications for conservative treatment of supratentorial epidural haematomas are applicable also to posterior fossa epidural haematomas (PFEDH), the author reviewed the records of 25 patients. With a PFEDH volume of no more than 10 ml, a thickness of no more than 15 mm, a midline shift of no more than 5 mm, and in the absence of a significant intracranial haematoma elsewhere on computed tomography (CT) scans, the patients undergoing conservative treatment achieved the same excellent outcome as those undergoing early surgery. These CT criteria for conservative treatment of PFEDHs are similar to those of supratentorial epidural haematomas except the volume factor, namely, 10 ml in the former against 30 ml in the latter. That means a PFEDH of 10 ml or larger in the small posterior fossa may produce the same degree of midline shift and compression, and be as dangerous as an epidural haematoma of 30 ml or larger in the more capacious supratentorial compartment. But also for epidural haematomas of the posterior fossa, which initially are smaller than 10 ml, the general rule remains valid that they should be under close clinical supervision     

髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨髋臼骨折的手术治疗效果和影响疗效因素。方法：对31例髋臼骨折患进行切开复位由固定治疗。结果：平均随访18个月(6～36月)，根据Matta评分标准优16例，良8例，一般4例，差3例。1例术后发生深部感染，1例术后18个月发生股骨头坏死。结论：髋臼骨折，特别是有移位的髋臼骨折应及时手术治疗。手术医师的经验、骨折类型、手术时机和入路会影响髋臼骨折的疗效。     

Prostate Development in Prune Belly Syndrome (PBS) and Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV): Etiology of PBS-Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction or Primary Mesenchymal Defect?

Prune belly syndrome (PBS) has been recognized since 1950 as the triad of absent abdominal wall musculature, undescended testes, and urinary tract anomalies. The etiology, however, remains uncertain. Theories of mesenchymal maldevelopment, obstruction, and genetic origin have been proposed. To evaluate the role of lower urinary tract obstruction as it relates to prostatic development and PBS, we studied the lower urinary tract of 15 cases of PBS, 8 cases of posterior urethral values (PUV), and 34 age-matched controls. It is generally accepted that prostatic growth and development are dependent on mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. We evaluated the mesenchymal and epithelial differentiation and relationships, and found distinctly different and consistent abnormalities between PBS and PUV as compared with one another and controls. The findings suggest that in PBS, prostatic growth and development are hindered because of destruction or absence of the appropriate primitive mesenchyme. Our studies could not definitely exclude very early obstruction as a cause of the findings because of lack of appropriate fetal material.     

大豆皂甙和神经肽Y在下丘脑后核引起的心血管效应中的关系

微量注射大豆皂甙（Ｔｓ）到下丘脑后核（ＰＨＮ）能引起平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）升高，心率加快，其效应与向ＰＨＮ内注入神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）相似。分别注入不能引起血压、心率发生明显变化的微量Ｔｓ、ＮＰＹ，如果合并注入ＰＨＮ则可引起血压、心率的显著变化，表明二者互有加强作用。Ａｔｒｏｐｉｎｅ可以对抗Ｔｓ、ＮＰＹ或Ｔｓ＋ＮＰＹ同时注入ＰＨＮ的升压效应，提示ＮＰＹ是通过激活脑内Ｍ受体而实现升压效应的，而Ｔｓ的心血管效应又可能是经过脑内ＮＰＹ介导和加强的。     

Arnold-Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症的外科治疗

目的：寻求Arnold—Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症的病因、发病机制和确实合适的手术方案及术式。方法：通过回顾性分析天津医科大学总医院神经外科在1990年至2003年间收治的143例病例，对比不同手术方式术前术后MRI和临床症状的变化，寻找其间的规律。结果：术前MRI显示，有空洞者比单纯小脑扁桃体下疝者后颅窝更加紧密。术后症状均缓解，MRI显示空洞均减小，但后颅窝减压术者可见小脑扁桃体回缩，而脊髓空洞一腹腔分流术者小脑扁桃体回缩不明显。结论：Arnold—Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症是多因素引起的疾病，不能以单一因素来解释。脊髓蛛网膜下腔，特别是颅颈结合部的脑脊液循环障碍，是各种病因的共同点。因此，解除脑脊液循环障碍是治疗这种疾病的关键环节和最终目的。     

后纵韧带钩辅助下颈椎后纵韧带骨化物切除减压术

目的探讨后纵韧带钩辅助下颈椎后纵韧带骨化物前路切除的适应证、方法及其临床效果。方法患者19例，男14例，女5例；年龄51-71岁，平均59岁。术前影像学检查结果示后纵韧带骨化物局限型6例，分节型13例；椎管狭窄率32％-75％，平均54％。术前神经功能JOA评分4-14分，平均9．6分。行颈前路常规手术入路，椎体开槽切骨达椎体后壁，范围超过后纵韧带骨化灶。利用后纵韧带钩插入后纵韧带下，钩起后纵韧带及骨化物，在后纵韧带与硬膜间形成一间隙，直视下用超薄型枪状咬骨钳切除后纵韧带及骨化物，而后植骨固定，恢复颈椎稳定性。结果随访6-36个月，平均16个月。术后JOA评分8～16分，平均12．8分，恢复率42％＇-92％，其中疗效优9例，良7例，可3例，优良率84．2％。4例患者术后并发脑脊液漏，保守治疗后均获得痊愈。术后CT和MR检查显示骨化后纵韧带切除完全，脊髓和硬膜囊形态恢复良好。结论后纵韧带钩可提高颈椎前路手术切除后纵韧带骨化物的安全性和有效性，适用于局限型和分节型、切除范围在两个椎节之间的颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者。     

HLA-B27相关的前葡萄膜炎眼后节并发症的临床特点

目的探讨HLA—B27阳性的前葡萄膜炎眼后节并发症的临床特点及治疗。方法2002年1月至2005年10月就诊的前葡萄膜炎患者采用流式细胞术进行外周HLA-B27的检测，筛选出71-例82眼HLA-B27阳性前葡萄膜炎患者，分为两组：实验组为眼后节受累的患者24例31眼，对照组为眼后节未受累的患者47例51眼。另有HLA—B27阴性前葡萄膜炎患者74例116眼作参考。所有患者均进行裂隙灯、眼底镜等常规眼科查体，部分行眼底荧光血管造影。分析了HLA—B27相关的前葡萄膜炎眼后节并发症的临床特点。采用x^2检验及t检验进行统计学分析。结果71例82眼HLA—B27阳性前葡萄膜炎中有24例31眼占37．8％出现眼后节并发症者，包括：黄斑囊样水肿12例15眼占48．4％，视乳头水肿7例8眼占25．8％，而玻璃体炎最多见为21例27眼占87．1％，8例10眼占32．3％患者存在两种或两种以上的眼后节表现。74例116眼HLA—B27阴性者有8例12眼占10．3％有眼后节表现。实验组中发生前房成型纤维素渗出31眼中18眼占58．06％和积脓31眼中9眼占29．03％明显高于对照组（前房纤维素渗出51眼中3眼，5．88％，X^2=27．56，P〈0．01；前房积脓51眼中1眼，1．96％，X^2=13．20，P〈0．01）；实验组中伴发相关全身性疾病24例中有16例占66．67％的几率高于对照组（47例中有17例，31．66％，X^2=5．94，P〈0．05）。出现眼后节并发症的患者经全身及局部应用糖皮质激素治疗，31眼中有11眼最佳矫正视力≥1．0。结论HLA-B27阳性前葡萄膜炎易出现眼后节并发症，HLA—B27相关的前葡萄膜炎眼后节受累的患者发生相关全身性疾病和前房纤维素渗出与积脓的几率较高。     

移位髋臼骨折合并坐骨神经损伤

报告９例移位髋臼骨折合并坐骨神经损伤的治疗，其中单纯腓侧部损伤５例，联合腓侧部与胫侧部损伤４例。非手术治疗３例，手术治疗６例，平均随访２年，结果为手术治疗５例优良，１例可，非手术治疗２例疗效均不满意，表明手术治疗可有效复位骨折，去除神经外在压迫因素，对性质明确的神经损伤进行必要的松解和修复。本组坐骨神经损伤以腓侧部受累更为常见，腓侧部易受损伤的机理可能与某些局部解剖因素有关     

Thalamic connections of the vestibular cortical fields in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

The afferent thalamic connections to cortical fields important for control of head movement in space were analysed by intracortical retrograde tracer injections. The proprioceptive/vestibular area 3aV, the neck-trunk region of area 3a, receives two thirds of its thalamic projections from the oral and superior ventroposterior nucleus (VPO/VPS), which is considered as the proprioceptive relay of the ventroposterior complex (Kaas et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 226:211-240, 1984). The parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC, area retroinsularis, Ri) receives its main thalamic input from posterior parts of the ventroposterior complex and from the medial pulvinar. Anatomical evidence is presented that the posterior region of the ventroposterior complex is a special compartment within this principal somatosensory relay complex. The parietotemporal association area T3, mainly involved in visual-optokinetic signal processing, receives a substantial input from the medial, the lateral, and the inferior pulvinar. Dual tracer experiments revealed that about 5% of the thalamic neurons projecting to 3aV were spatially intermingled with neurons projecting to areas PIVC or T3. This spatial intermingling was distributed over small but numerous, circumscribed thalamic regions, called "common patches," which were found mainly in the intralaminar nuclei, the posterior group of thalamic nuclei, and the caudal parts of the ventroposterior complex. The "common patches" may indicate a functional coupling of area 3aV with the PIVC or area T3 on the thalamic level. In control experiments thalamic projections to the granular insula Ig and the anterior part of area 7, two cerebral structures connected with the vestibular cortical areas, were studied. Some overlap in the thalamic relay structures projecting to these areas with those projecting to the vestibular cortices was found. A quantitative evaluation of thalamic regions projecting to different cortical structures was performed by constructing so-called "thalamograms." A scheme was developed that describes the afferent thalamic connections by which vestibular, visual-optokinetic, and proprioceptive signals reach the vestibular cortical areas PIVC and 3aV.