中国与印度临床研究资源优势对比分析

近年来,临床研究呈现全球化的趋势,由于中国和印度均具有数量庞大、相对集中的受试人群,病种丰富,入组快以及试验费用低等特点,使中印成为这一趋势转移的焦点。鉴于两国在疾病资源、基础设施、政策法规、监管环境、语言文化等方面上各有其优势,如何在未来的临床市场中加大份额,以提升中国临床研究的国际地位,首先要了解中印两国临床研究的资源现状。笔者通过计算机检索和手工检索近年来国内外相关资料,对两国的临床研究资源和实力进行了比较分析。     

Ophthalmology human resource projections: are we heading for a crisis in the next 15 years?

BACKGROUND: Ophthalmology residency positions have increased in recent years. This study looks at whether the expansion is enough to avoid shortages in the future. METHODS: The Canadian Medical Association Physician Resource Evaluation Template was used to project the supply of ophthalmologists up to 2016, assuming a status quo scenario in terms of attrition and gain factors. RESULTS: The ratio of ophthalmologists to population is steadily declining but not as fast as previously projected. INTERPRETATION: With the scenario presented, the supply of ophthalmologists will be inadequate in the future. Expanding Canadian residency training programs to their maximum capacity will maintain the current national ophthalmologist-to-population ratio but will still not be enough to meet the demand for ophthalmology services because of the shift in demographics as baby boomers age.     

对高校教师人力资源管理的思考

随着现代高等教育的发展,高校教师人力资源管理应注入人力资源管理的新理念、新方法。本文从改变教学科研行政化倾向、改革教师职称评聘和评价机制、全面规划和落实继续教育培训以及深化教师人事分配制度改革、提高教师待遇等四个方面来探讨高校教师人力资源管理机制的改革和完善。     

Constrained public benefits from global catch share fisheries

Across publicly owned natural resources, the practice of recovering financial compensation, commonly known as resource rent, from extractive industries influences wealth distribution and general welfare of society. Catch shares are the primary approach adopted to diminish the economically wasteful race to fish by allocating shares of fish quotas—public assets—to selected fishing firms. It is perceived that resource rent is concentrated within catch share fisheries, but there has been no systematic comparison of rent-charging practices with other extractive industries. Here, we estimate the global prevalence of catch share fisheries and compare rent recovery mechanisms (RRM) in the fishing industry with other extractive industries. We show that while catch share fisheries harvest 17.4 million tons (19% of global fisheries landings), with a value of 17.7 billion USD (17% of global fisheries landed value), rent charges occurred in only 5 of 18 countries with shares of fish quotas primarily allocated free of charge. When compared with other extractive industries, fishing is the only industry that consistently lacks RRM. While recovering resource rent for harvesting well-governed fishery resources represents a source of revenue to coastal states, which could be sustained indefinitely, overcharging the industry might impact fish supply. Different RRM occurred in extractive industries, though generally, rent-based charges can help avoid affecting deployment of capital and labor to harvest fish since they depend on the profitability of the operations. Our study could be a starting point for coastal states to consider adapting policies to the enhanced economic condition of the fishing industry under catch shares.

A fundamental practice in the exploitation of public natural resources is the recovery of a financial return for the resource owner—the society—from extractive industries. This practice can influence wealth distribution and the general welfare of the society (1). If national agencies fail to recover a financial return, they deprive the society of a potential stream of economic benefits while at the same time leaving these benefits accumulating within the industry (1). Charging industries for the use of public natural resources is widespread, with charges generally reflecting resource rent—the surplus or above-normal profit related to the natural resource itself rather than to the actions of private enterprises (2). For example, in North America, stumpage fees are imposed on the forestry industry for harvesting timber on public lands (3), and the oil and gas industry is charged royalties for extracting subsoil minerals (4). In contrast, recovering rent from global fisheries has received limited attention from policymakers, despite the widespread harvest of marine living resources, with fish being one of the top traded food commodities in the world (5).Fishery resources within Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) have the potential of generating more than $80 billion in resource rent annually for coastal states (6). Worldwide, around 96% of the annual marine capture production (102 million tons) is caught within EEZs (7). Contrary to open-access and other competitive fisheries, allocating portions of the total quota of a fish stock to a restricted number of fishing firms (individual fishers, fishing vessels, or producers) (i.e., “catch shares”) effectively mitigates an inherent economic problem in fisheries management: the competitive race to fish (8). After their inception in the 1980s, mounting evidence highlighted the improved profitability of fishing firms under catch share programs in North America (9, 10), South America (11, 12), Europe (13, 14), and Australasia (15, 16). Currently, fisheries under catch share programs capture some of the largest and most economically valuable fish stocks in the world; yet, it is perceived that society is not compensated for private firms exploiting these public resources (17, 18).Absent a rent recovery mechanism (RRM), catch share programs could lead to fairness and distributional issues. For example, these programs entail high management costs related to administration, research, surveillance, and enforcement that are entirely or partly covered by society (19, 20). It has been reported that countries intensively adopting catch shares have some of the highest management costs per fishing boat in the world (21). Additionally, for most catch share programs, national agencies have allocated fishing quotas to firms free of charge on the basis of historical participation (i.e., grandfathering) (22). In the United Kingdom, for example, the estimated total value of the grandfathered fishing quota is around $1 billion (23). Under such conditions, society fails to offset expenditures attributable to the industry and forgoes a potential stream of revenues that could be maintained indefinitely. The extent to which governments collect resource rent from catch share fisheries therefore has critical ramifications for national policies and the general public alike, particularly as catch share programs are increasingly adopted worldwide (24).Our goal in this study is threefold. First, we evaluate the prevalence of catch share fisheries at the national and global levels through combining catch statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with three datasets of catch share fisheries (Materials and Methods). Second, to determine society’s compensation from the fishing industry, we examine whether RRMs—like auctions, production-based charges, or rent-based charges—occur in catch share programs. Our review focuses on 56 programs harvesting 174 fish stocks in 18 countries, comprising some of the world’s largest and most valuable fisheries. Finally, we demonstrate how common rent capture schemes are in catch share fisheries compared with four major extractive industries—forestry, oil, gas, and mining—in the same countries.     

鬼臼毒素资源研究现状

鬼臼毒素衍生物VP16,VM26等对人体多种癌症都具有较好疗效。美国FDA已批准应用于临床。但鬼臼毒素的资源植物鬼臼类植物去十分有限,因此如何合理利用和扩大资源是当前研究的焦点。综述了鬼臼毒素以及国内外在鬼臼毒素资源方面所作的研究。指出了存在主要问题及今后的研究前景。     

青钱柳化学成分和生物活性研究概况

青钱柳是我国特有的天然资源,综述了天然产物青钱柳化学成分和药理作用等方面的研究概况,并对当前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

我国水生药用动物资源调查与产业发展策略探讨

在第四次全国中药资源普查药用动物专项调研基础上,针对具有多样性的水体生态环境及种类丰富的水生药用动物资源,结合现代生物学技术与传统调查方法,开展了水生药用动物野生资源和养殖资源调查,为水生药用动物资源普查技术规范的制定和完善提供参考。针对我国水生药用动物养殖过程中存在的种质退化、饲料供应短缺、养殖环境污染等问题及形成原因进行分析,提出以野生资源保护为基础、水生药用动物研究为核心、生态化养殖为方向的产业可持续发展策略。     

广东省水生耐盐药用植物资源现状及其产业发展探讨

在第四次全国中药资源普查试点工作的基础上,对广东省境内水生、耐盐药用植物资源调查结果进行梳理和分析发现,广东省水生药用植物共160种,隶属54科90属,涉及国家重点调查药材12种;耐盐药用植物269种,隶属63个科197属,涉及国家重点调查药材22种。该省人工种植的水生、耐盐药用植物有30多种,规模超过22 000 hm²,占全省中药材种植总面积的10.5%;来源于水生、耐盐植物的药食同源中药材20余种,种植规模达9000 hm²。广东省水生、耐盐药用植物资源丰富,建议根据生态环境和区域内产业需求对水生、耐盐药用植物资源进行合理、有效地开发利用。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间临床试验工作现状的调查与研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情蔓延下,临床试验工作的节奏遭受巨大挑战,南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院基于疫情期间临床试验工作指引和相关法规,通过设计调查问卷,调研临床试验工作开展现状并进行分析,对在研项目的研究者、临床监查员(clinical research associate,CRA)、研究协调员(clinical resear...     

Excess mortality reduction given a “reduce patient mortality at all costs” scenario for mass burn casualties

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to estimate the effect on medical resource use and mortality of full financial support from the government for treatment costs after a mass burn casualty event in Taiwan.MethodsAll patients with burn injuries from the event were included (n = 483). Each burn patient from this incident was matched to a separate burn patient identified from the National Health Insurance database. Medical care usage and mortality were compared between groups at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month intervals.ResultsRegarding outpatient expenditure, burn patients from the mass casualty event had significantly higher levels of medical expenditure compared with their control counterparts at all intervals and levels of medical institution. For inpatient expenditure, patients from the mass casualty event only had higher expenditure for the first month, and excess procedures used by these patients mainly consisted of nonvital procedures such as rehabilitation training. The mortality rate was only slightly lower for this group of burn patients compared with their control counterparts.ConclusionsFull financial support by the government in terms of medical treatment may engender only marginal additional benefits in terms of mortality if burn treatment procedures are already well established in the country.