Waist Circumference Provides an Indication of Numerous Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults With Cerebral Palsy

Objective

To report the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in a cohort of adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and to investigate the ability of anthropometric measures to predict these factors.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Testing took place in a laboratory setting.

Participants

Adults with CP (N=55; mean age, 37.5±13.3y; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels, I–V) participated in this study.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein levels were measured from a fasting venous blood sample. Insulin resistance was calculated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio were also measured. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement.

Results

The prevalence of the MetS was 20.5% in ambulatory adults and 28.6% in nonambulatory adults. BMI was associated with HOMA-IR only (β=.451; P<.01). WC was associated with HOMA-IR (β=.480; P<.01), triglycerides (β=.450; P<.01), and systolic blood pressure (β=.352; P<.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that WC provided the best indication of hypertensive blood pressure, dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, and the presence of multiple risk factors (area under the curve, .713–.763).

Conclusions

A high prevalence of the MetS was observed in this relatively young sample of adults with CP. WC was a better indicator of a number of risk factors than was BMI and presents as a clinically useful method of screening for cardiometabolic risk among adults with CP.     

Insulin Resistance,Body Mass Index,Waist Circumference are Independent Risk Factor for High Blood Pressure

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance as determined by a homeostasis model (HOMA‐IR), and body fat distribution. Methods: Anthropometric indices of adiposity, metabolic variables (fasting serum insulin and a homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] index of insulin sensitivity), BP and several cardiovascular risk factors were measured during a cross sectional survey of 53477 apparently healthy Korean subjects who requested a health status check. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or a diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg and we excluded the subjects taking BP‐lowering medication. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were positively and significantly associated with age, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio. In addition, SBP and DBP were positively associated with fasting serum insulin levels and the HOMA index. By multiple regression analysis age, waist circumference, body mass index, HOMA index and female sex were independently associated with either increased SBP or DBP. When the population is divided into quintiles according to insulin resistance (measured by HOMA analysis) prevalence of hypertension in the second, third, fourth and fifth quintiles compared to subjects in the first quintile are 1.004(95% CI 0.875–1.152, p=0.957), 1.200(95% CI 1.052–1.369, p=0.007), 1.312(95% CI 1.151–1.494 p < 0.001), and 1.603(95% CI 1.408–1.825 p < 0.001). In addition age, sex, body mass index and waist circumference were found to be significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: Our results showed that insulin resistance, body mass index and waist circumference are independent risk factors of a high BP in Koreans.     

Body Mass Index,Waist Circumference,Physical Activity,and Risk of Hearing Loss in Women

Background

Acquired hearing loss is highly prevalent, but prospective data on potentially modifiable risk factors are limited. In cross-sectional studies, higher body mass index (BMI), larger waist circumference, and lower physical activity have been associated with poorer hearing, but these have not been examined prospectively.

Methods

We examined the independent associations between BMI, waist circumference, and physical activity, and self-reported hearing loss in 68,421 women in the Nurses' Health Study II from 1989 to 2009. Baseline and updated information on BMI, waist circumference, and physical activity was obtained from biennial questionnaires.

Results

After more than 1.1 million person-years of follow-up, 11,286 cases of hearing loss were reported to have occurred. Higher BMI and larger waist circumference were associated with increased risk of hearing loss. Compared with women with BMI <25 kg/m², the multivariate-adjusted relative risk (RR) for women with BMI ≥40 was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.37). Compared with women with waist circumference <71 cm, the multivariate-adjusted RR for waist circumference >88 cm was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.17-1.38). Higher physical activity was related inversely to risk; compared with women in the lowest quintile of physical activity, the multivariate-adjusted RR for women in the highest quintile was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.78-0.88). Walking 2 hours per week or more was associated inversely with risk. Simultaneous adjustment for BMI, waist circumference, and physical activity slightly attenuated the associations but they remained statistically significant.

Conclusions

Higher BMI and larger waist circumference are associated with increased risk, and higher physical activity is associated with reduced risk of hearing loss in women. These findings provide evidence that maintaining healthy weight and staying physically active, potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, may help reduce the risk of hearing loss.     

腰椎间盘突出牵引治疗体会

腰椎间盘突出症较为常见,对非手术治疗的效果仍有争议.本文报告我院收治的6例患者在进行牵引治疗前后应用CT作对比检查以证实牵引治疗的效果,现报道如下.     

高血压儿童腰围发育曲线及其与高血压相关性的研究

目的 了解高血压儿童腰围发育曲线特点,探讨与儿童高血压相关的腰围正常值合理切点.方法 研究对象为安徽省北、中、南3个地市的8194名7～17岁汉族城乡中小学生,测量腰围与血压.以LMS( lambda-mu-sigma)法拟合腰围随年龄变化的百分位数曲线.建立Logistic回归模型,计算不同百分位数腰围学生发生高血压的OR值.结果 高血压男生的腰围发育曲线明显向上平行偏离总体男生标准曲线,而高血压女生腰围发育曲线在12岁前向上逐渐偏离总体女生标准曲线,之后逐渐回归.男生腰围上升至同年龄别第60百分位数、女生腰围上升至同年龄别第70百分位数时,高血压发生风险即开始显著增加,男生腰围p60～组、P70～组、P80～组和P90～组的OR值从1.88(95％CI:1.18 ～2.99)逐渐上升至4.87(95％CI:3.31 ～7.16),女生腰围P70～组、P80～组和P90～组的OR值从1.71 (95％CI:1.07～2.73)逐渐上升至3.32(95％ CI:2.16～5.09).结论 高血压男生和女生的腰围发育曲线轨迹明显不同.从第85百分位数向下适当降低儿童腰围正常值切点有利于儿童心血管疾病风险的预防.     

蒙古族农牧民代谢综合征诊断的腰围切点观察

目的研究我国蒙古族农牧民代谢综合征（MS）诊断的腰围（WC）适宜切点。方法以内蒙古自治区通辽市科左后旗朝鲁吐苏木和奈曼旗固日班花苏木32个自然村2589名年龄大于20岁的蒙古族农牧民为研究对象,以国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）MS全球共识诊断标准为基础,分析蒙古族男女不同WC水平与MS其他组分聚集的关联,检出至少两个组分存在时灵敏度和特异度均较高的WC界限,作为诊断蒙古族农牧民MS的WC切点,并以此计算不同年龄组MS的检出率。结果随WC增大,MS组分聚集的OR值显著增高。当男性WC≥84cm、女性WC≥81cm时,ROC曲线下面积最大。结论IDF标准在蒙古族农牧民男性中WC切点偏高,宜降至男性≥85cm、女性≥80cm。     

Trends in general and abdominal obesity among Korean adults: findings from 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

We examined trends in obesity among Korean adults, using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as reported in national surveys. Data (10,043 men and 12,758 non-pregnant women) were derived from four waves of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007. Between 1998 and 2007, the distribution of BMI and WC showed shifts toward the right among men. Mean values of BMI and WC and the corresponding overweight (includes obesity) and obesity prevalences showed increasing trends in men but not in women. Women aged 60+ showed significant increases in obesity measures, including mean BMI and WC, and the associated prevalences. Among women aged 20-39, the prevalence of underweight increased significantly between 1998 and 2007, and BMI showed a decreasing tendency. These time trends in young women were the reverse of the trends in young men. In conclusion, policy efforts to abate overweight and obesity trends need to be exercised among men and older women. In addition, more national studies regarding potential increases in underweight among young women are warranted.     

福州成年人群体成分与高血压风险评估

目的 分析福州地区成年人群体成分特点并建立估测体脂含量(%BF)的回归方程,评估%BF对高血压患病风险的预测价值.方法 抽样人群602人(男性310人,女性292人),各年龄层人数比符合福州地区常住(5年及以上)居民年龄构成比.测量人选人群的血压、身高、体重、腰围、体重指数(BMI)等,应用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)检测体成分指标(总体脂肪、瘦组织质量).分析抽样人群的腰围、BMI和体成分特征,X2检验分析与BMI≥25 kg/m2诊断一致性的腰围和%BF切点,多元回归分析建立估测人群%BF的回归方程,logistic回归分析%BF对高血压患病风险的预测.结果 成年男、女性人群的%BF、脂肪质量/瘦组织质量随年龄增长而增加,女性%BF明显高于男性.与BMI≥325 kg/m2诊断一致性最高的腰围和%BF切点分别为85 cm、25%(男)和80 cm、35%(女).Logistic回归分析显示,年龄每增加一个等级的高血压患病比数比为1.49(男)和1.75(女),%BF每增加一个等级的高血压患病比数比为1.57(男)和1.65(女),BMI和腰围未能进入回归方程.结论 与BMI 25 kg/m2作为肥胖判定切点一致的%BF切点为25%(男)和35%(女),体成分分析能更好地预测高血压的患病风险.     

2型糖尿病患者腰臀比与颈部动脉硬化关系的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者腰臀比与颈部动脉硬化的关系。方法717例2型糖尿病患者进行颈部超声检查,并根据腰臀比的四分位将患者分为4组：第1四分位组（n=178）、第2四分位组（n：180）、第3三四分位组（n=176）和第4四分位组（n=183）。比较4组患者的年龄、糖尿病病程等基本情况及颈部动脉硬化发生率,同时以第1四分位组为参照,分析其余3组患者发生颈部动脉硬化的危险度。最后,运用二元Logistic回归探究腰臀比与颈部动脉硬化发生率之间的关系。结果①4组患者的年龄、吸烟史、糖尿病家族史、体重指数、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白一胆固醇、尿白蛋白／肌酐比值差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;②4组患者颈部动脉硬化发生率依次升高,分别为33．7％、45％、47．8％、54．6％,且差异存在统计学意义（P：0．001）;③与第1四分位组相比,其余3组发生颈部动脉硬化的危险度依次是第1四分位组的1．602倍（95％CI：1．042-2．462）,1．799倍（95％cI：1．174-2．757）,2．369倍（95％CI：1．548-3．627）且差异存在统计学意义（P〈0．05）;④二元Logistic回归显示,在控制其他变量后,腰臀比四分位与颈部动脉硬化发生率有相关性（P〈0．05）。结论有较高的腰臀比的2型糖尿病患者,发生颈部动脉硬化的危险度越大。     

Body mass index and waist circumference according to glucose tolerance status in Korea: the 2005 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stage of glucose intolerance in which persons showed a maximum obesity in Korea. A total of 4,479 participants, who were involved in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, was examined. The participants were divided into 5 groups by fasting plasma glucose (FPG); normal fasting glucose (NFG)1, FPG < 90 mg/dL; NFG2, FPG 90-99 mg/dL; impaired fasting glucose (IFG)1, FPG 100-109 mg/dL; IFG2, FPG 110-125 mg/dL; and diabetes mellitus, FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL or with anti-diabetes drugs. In those with FPG < 110 mg/dL, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were increased with increase of FPG (BMI in men; NFG1, 23.3 ± 0.1; NFG2, 24.4 ± 0.1; IFG1, 25.0 ± 0.2 kg/m(2), in women; NFG1, 23.0 ± 0.1; NFG2, 24.0 ± 0.1; IFG1, 24.8 ± 0.2 kg/m(2), WC in men; NFG1, 82.1 ± 0.3; NFG2, 85.3 ± 0.3; IFG1, 86.7 ± 0.5 cm, in women; NFG1, 77.1 ± 0.2; NFG2, 79.4 ± 0.3; IFG1, 81.8 ± 0.6 cm). In IFG2 and diabetes range, there was no more increase of BMI and WC with increase of FPG in each sex. The data suggest that degree of obesity increases with an increase of FPG in range of FPG < 100 mg/dL, peaked in FPG of 100-109 mg/dL, and then plateaus in higher FPG range in general Korean population.