武汉市HIV-1相关基因序列分析及亚型分布

目的研究武汉市HIV感染人群中的HIV毒株的亚型分布特点和流行规律。方法采集武汉市60名已被确认为HIV-1感染者的抗凝全血样品,提取前病毒DNA,用巢式聚合酶链反应方法（nested-PCR）扩增病毒膜蛋白env基因的C2-V5区及gag基因的部分区段,对PCR纯化产物直接测序,并应用GCG软件对序列进行分析。结果通过PCR扩增得到60份样品的结果,其中env基因序列45份、gag基因序列52份。依据env和gag区基因序列,与HIV-1各个亚型国际参考株比较,通过系统进化分析,最后确定武汉市样品分属5个亚型,分别为HIV-1B亚型中的泰国B（B’）亚型32份,流行重组型CRF07-BC12份,流行重组型CRF01-AE9份,A亚型1份和C亚型6份。结论武汉市存在多种HIV-1亚型,应加强对HIV-1毒株亚型变异的监测,及时调整防治策略。     

深圳市宝安区预防与控制HIV/AIDS母婴传播的研究

目的　了解深圳市孕产妇艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染情况 ,探索阻断艾滋病 (AIDS)母婴传播的方法。方法　采取政府行为 ,建立监测网络 ,对全部首次做孕期检查的孕产妇免费进行HIV检测及规范化的干预措施。结果　 2 0 0 2年、2 0 0 3年的监测率分别为 95 .0 9%、95 .12 % ;孕产妇HIV感染率分别为 0 .0 0 2 %、0 .0 0 9%。通过健康教育干预 ,孕产妇AIDS预防知识知晓率从项目实施前的 2 8.5 %～ 5 8.6 %上升到实施后的 85 .6 %～ 10 0 .0 % (P <0 .0 0 1% )。结论　深圳市孕产妇的HIV感染率远低于云南等省 ,但有逐年升高的趋势 ;建立监测网络 ,免费对首次孕期检查的孕产妇做HIV检测并实施预防性干预 ,以阻断HIV垂直传播的方法是成功可行的。     

Effect of Octreotide on Small Intestinal Motility in HIV-Infected Patients with Chronic Refractory Diarrhea

Octreotide has been used to treat HIV-associated diarrhea. We aimed to assess the effect of octreotide on small intestinal motility in a group of HIV infected individuals with chronic diarrhea. Small intestinal motility was measured continuously for 48 hr by ambulatory strain gauge manometry in 12 HIV seropositive subjects with chronic diarrhea. During the second 24-hr period, intravenous octreotide was administered (100 g every 8 hr). Postprandial and nocturnal fasting motility data were compared before and during administration of octreotide. Octreotide was associated with increased numbers of migrating motor complexes (MMCs) (7.25 vs 4.92, P = 0.03), and a relative decrease in the duration of phase II (22% vs 49.8, P = 0.03) during nocturnal fasting activity. Postprandial activity was absent in half of the subjects and the duration significantly reduced in the remainder. In conclusion, octreotide has a significant effect on small intestinal motility in HIV-infected individuals with diarrhea, which may influence intestinal transit.     

170例HIV感染孕妇的妊娠结局分析

目的探讨并分析HIV感染孕妇的临床特征及妊娠结局。方法收集本院2007年1月—2018年11月期间HIV感染孕妇的流行病学资料,分析其流行病学特征以及妊娠结局。结果共纳入170例HIV感染孕妇,感染的主要方式为异性性传播。近3年诊治的HIV感染孕妇数量较前几年明显增多。孕妇的主要抗病毒方案为齐多夫定或替诺福韦+拉米夫定+洛匹那韦/利托那韦。婴儿主要抗病毒方案为齐多夫定或奈韦拉平。母婴阻断成功率100%。结论HIV感染孕妇数量呈上升趋势,及时对HIV感染孕妇进行规范系统的抗病毒治疗及对HIV暴露婴儿进行预防可有效阻断HIV母婴传播。     

Zimbabwe's national AIDS levy: A case study

Background: We conducted a case study of the Zimbabwe National AIDS Trust Fund (‘AIDS Levy’) as an approach to domestic government financing of the response to HIV and AIDS.

Methods: Data came from three sources: a literature review, including a search for grey literature, review of government documents from the Zimbabwe National AIDS Council (NAC), and key informant interviews with representatives of the Zimbabwean government, civil society and international organizations.

Findings: The literature search yielded 139 sources, and 20 key informants were interviewed. Established by legislation in 1999, the AIDS Levy entails a 3% income tax for individuals and 3% tax on profits of employers and trusts (which excluded the mining industry until 2015). It is managed by the parastatal NAC through a decentralized structure of AIDS Action Committees. Revenues increased from inception to 2006 through 2008, a period of economic instability and hyperinflation. Following dollarization in 2009, annual revenues continued to increase, reaching US$38.6 million in 2014. By policy, at least 50% of funds are used for purchase of antiretroviral medications. Other spending includes administration and capital costs, HIV prevention, and monitoring and evaluation. Several financial controls and auditing systems are in place. Key informants perceived the AIDS Levy as a ‘homegrown’ solution that provided country ownership and reduced dependence on donor funding, but called for further increased transparency, accountability, and reduced administrative costs, as well as recommended changes to increase revenue.

Conclusions: The Zimbabwe AIDS Levy has generated substantial resources, recently over US$35 million per year, and signals an important commitment by Zimbabweans, which may have helped attract other donor resources. Many key informants considered the Zimbabwe AIDS Levy to be a best practice for other countries to follow.     

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with HIV Infection Among Men Having Sex with Men in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

To learn more about risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Vietnam and their prevalence of HIV, we conducted a study among MSM in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) to determine HIV-1 prevalence and behaviors associated with infection. This consisted of formative (35 MSM) and cross-sectional (600 MSM) studies at 72 sites, including 75 transvestites, 55 bisexuals, 10 sex workers, and 460 other MSM. Only 5.3% cohabited with a wife/girlfriend, but 30% reported ever having sex with a female. Prevalence of HIV was 8%, ranging from 33% in sex workers to 7% among transvestites and other MSM. Injecting drugs, selling sex, being 20–40 years old, having less than 6 years of education, and having more than five male anal sex partners in the past month were associated with being HIV-infected. MSM are an HIV bridge group, and should be included in sentinel surveillance. Targeted interventions should be implemented.     

维持性血液透析患者中心静脉导管相关性感染临床分析

目的：探讨中心静脉导管相关性感染的发生率、菌群分布及相关危险因素。方法收集2008年1月-2014年9月该院血液透析中心中心静脉置管患者398例的临床资料,了解中心静脉导管相关性感染的发生率、菌群分布,分析年龄、原发病、置管部位及留管时间与中心静脉导管相关性感染发生的关系。结果在所有患者中发生中心静脉导管相关性感染的有52例,感染率达到13.1%。革兰氏阳性菌34例,占65.38%,以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;革兰氏阴性菌18例,占34.62%,以大肠埃希菌为主。患者年龄<50岁感染率7.48%,≥50岁感染率16.33%（P<0.05）;糖尿病肾病感染率19.72%,非糖尿病肾病为9.38%（P<0.05）;股静脉置管感染率24.14%,明显高于颈内静脉10.25%及锁骨下静脉5.26%（P<0.05）;置管时间≥2周较≤1周、1~2周组患者感染率明显增高,18.43%（P<0.05）。结论中心静脉导管相关性感染发生率高,以革兰氏阳性菌为主。高龄、糖尿病肾病、置管时间≥2周及股静脉置管都为中心静脉导管感染的危险诱因。     

接受HAART治疗的1718例HIV／AIDS患者中医证候研究

目的：通过调查接受HAART治疗的HIV／AIDS患者的症状分布规律,探讨该类患者的中医证候特点。方法：选取接受HAART治疗3个月以上的HIV／AIDS患者1718例进行横断面调查,采集中医四诊信息和现代生物学信息,对这些患者进行症状、体征、证候出现频率（次）的描述性统计。结果：常见症状依次为：乏力、纳呆、咳嗽、头痛、月经失常（女性）、关节痛、皮肤瘙痒、腰痛、肌肉痛、发热;舌色以红、绛红、淡白及紫色为主,舌形以薄舌、胖大舌、齿痕舌为主,舌苔则以薄白苔和黄腻、厚腻苔多见;脉象以复合脉象为主,分解后脉象以细脉、滑脉、弦脉最为多见。共出现中医证型24种,气血两亏、气阴两虚是最常见的证型,其次为痰热内扰证、肝郁气滞火旺证、脾肾亏虚及湿邪阻滞证。多为复合证型,分解后出现的单证达32种。单证以虚证为主,其次为实证,虚实夹杂最少。脏腑的发病率由高至低依次为脾、肺、肾、肝、心,其中脾系发病率最高,且常与肺、肝、肾合而为病。发病脏腑数目由高至低依次为：三脏同病、二脏同病、四脏同病、一脏发病、五脏同病。结论：接受HAART治疗的HIV／AIDS患者临床症状体征表现多样,病情复杂,证候多见虚实夹杂,以虚为主,涉及脏腑主要为脾、肺、肾,常见多脏腑同病。     

10例HIV/AIDS相关Burkitt淋巴瘤(BL)临床病理和免疫表型分析

 目的  探讨HIV/AIDS相关Burkitt淋巴瘤(Burkitt lymphoma,BL)的临床病理学形态、免疫表型特点、诊断及其鉴别诊断。方法  按照WHO(2008)造血与淋巴组织肿瘤病理学分类,应用HE染色、免疫组化EnVision法染色、荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)及原位杂交并结合临床资料对2010年8月至2013年3月收集的10例HIV/AIDS相关BL进行综合分析。结果  10例患者中活检腋下肿块4例、颈部肿块3例、腹股沟肿块1例、腹部手术切除肿物2例。免疫组化染色瘤细胞均显示IgM、CD20、CD19、CD79a、CD10、Bcl 6阳性,CD5、CD21、CD30、EMA、Bcl 2、CD3、ALK-1、TdT阴性,Ki67增殖指数均＞90%,1例表达CD38及MUM-1,3例c-myc阳性,1例LMP-1阳性,突变型p53阳性表达5例。原位杂交EBER 示3例阳性;FISH示C-MYC基因断裂重组8例t(8;14)(q24;q32)。病理诊断:经典型BL 9例,浆细胞样分化BL 1例。结论  HIV-BL为高度恶性淋巴瘤,预后较差,光镜下易与弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤和淋巴母细胞性淋巴瘤/白血病等相混淆,结合典型病理表现、免疫组化和FISH技术有助于临床病理诊断及其鉴别诊断。     

神经外科术后的中枢神经系统感染因素及病原学特性分析

目的探析神经外科患者术后中枢神经系统感染的易感因素和病原学特点。方法回顾性分析2010年1月~2014年4月笔者医院神经外科收治的术后并发中枢神经系统感染50例住院患者的临床资料,分析感染的易感因素及病原学。结果神经外科术后中枢神经系统感染的原发病中较常见的为脑外伤16例(32.0%),脑室肿瘤8例(16.0%),血管畸形9例(18.0%)。共分离出32株致病菌,革兰阴性菌12株(37.5%),革兰阳性菌19株(59.38%)。50例患者经过治疗后15例痊愈(30.0%),好转25例(50.0%),未愈7例(14.0%),死亡3例(6.0%)。结论神经外科患者术后中枢神经系统感染的主要诱发因素是脑外伤,致病菌以革兰阳性球菌及革兰阴性杆菌为主。