Reduction of Alcohol's Reinforcing and Motivational Properties by the Positive Allosteric Modulator of the GABAB Receptor, BHF177, in Alcohol-Preferring Rats

Background: The positive allosteric modulators of the GABA_B receptor, CGP7930 and GS39783, have been found to reduce alcohol self‐administration in alcohol‐preferring rats. The present study was designed to assess the effect of the newly synthesized positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_B receptor, BHF177, on alcohol’s reinforcing and motivational properties in selectively bred Sardinian alcohol‐preferring (sP) rats. Methods: sP rats were initially trained to respond on a lever [on a fixed ratio 4 (FR4) schedule of reinforcement] to orally self‐administer alcohol (15%, v/v) or sucrose (1 to 3%, w/v) in daily 30‐minute sessions. Once responding reached stable levels, rats were allocated to 2 different experiments: in the first experiment, rats were exposed to sessions with the FR4 schedule of reinforcement; in the second experiment, rats were exposed to sessions with a conventional progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. In both experiments, the effect of BHF177 (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg; i.g.) on responding for alcohol and sucrose (FR experiment: 1%, w/v; PR experiment: 3%, w/v) was determined. Results: In the FR experiment, pretreatment with 25 and 50 mg/kg BHF177 produced a 30 and 45% reduction, respectively, in responding for alcohol. In the PR experiment, pretreatment with 50 mg/kg BHF177 resulted in a 35% reduction in breakpoint for alcohol (defined as the lowest response requirement not achieved by each rat and used as index of the motivational strength of alcohol). In both experiments, the effect of BHF177 on alcohol self‐administration was specific, since responding for sucrose was unaltered by BHF177 pretreatment. Conclusions: The present results extend to BHF177 the capacity of the 2 previously tested positive allosteric modulators of the GABA_B receptor, CGP7930 and GS39783, to specifically suppress alcohol’s reinforcing and motivational properties in alcohol‐preferring rats.     

动物证候模型四诊信息客观化与中药药性评价的相关性研究

中药的寒热温凉属性,主要是从药物作用于正常机体所直接产生的不同证候反应或对疾病证候的改变中总结出来的。由此可见,药物寒热温凉属性的研究,常常离不开对机体证候的观察。文章研究认为,由于在以往的药性评价过程中,未充分认识到证候客观化的重要性,从而导致药性客观性评价的困难。因此,加强动物证候模型四诊信息客观化与中药药性评价的相关性研究,对于推动中药药性的客观化研究,以及拓展和丰富以辨证论治为特色的中医药基础理论与方法,具有一定的理论价值和应用前景。     

Psychometric Properties of the Orgasm Rating Scale in Context of Sexual Relationship in a Spanish Sample

Background

The Orgasm Rating Scale (ORS) is one of the few self-reported measures that evaluates the multidimensional subjective experience of orgasm.

黑曲霉SL2-111聚半乳糖醛酸酶的纯化和特性

通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephacryl S 200分子筛柱层析、DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换柱层析3个步骤,从黑曲霉SL2 111发酵的果胶酶粗品中纯化出一种电泳纯的聚半乳糖醛酸酶。经SDS PAGE测定其相对分子质量约为71.5 ku。最适pH值和最适温度分别为3.0和65℃。在50℃以下,pH值2.6~5.4之间酶活力相对稳定。浓度为5 mmol/L的Ca2 、Li 、Cu2 、Mg2 、K 对酶活力有激活作用;而Mn2 和Ag 具有抑制作用。     

Family functioning,alcohol expectancies and alcohol-related problems in a remote aboriginal Australian community: a preliminary psychometric validation study

While a large proportion of Aboriginal Australians do not consume alcohol, those who do frequently show severe alcohol problems, and alcohol problems are associated with family conflict and violence. The aims were to examine the internal coherence and reliability of measures of family and alcohol measures for indigenous Australians in remote communities. This study involved 99 indigenous people from a remote North Queensland community. Questions were drawn from established questionnaires and administered verbally. Principle components factor analysis revealed three coherent and reliable measures of family conflict, independence, and cohesion. Expectancies of affective change had sound internal reliability for drinkers, and covaried with alcohol problems in the expected direction. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test had two distinct factors relating to consumption and problems, but quantity/frequency measures may have limited reliability due to the common practice among drinkers of sharing alcohol. These measures should facilitate the detection and initial assessment of alcohol and family problems, and may be useful for evaluating change in future interventions that target family and alcohol problems. [Kowalyszyn M, Kelly AB. Family functioning, alcohol expectancies and alcohol-related problems in a remote Aboriginal Australian community: a preliminary psychometric validation study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2003;22:53 - 59]     

中药性能理论与性能理论术语

中药性能理论(四气、五味、升降浮沉、归经、毒性、补泻等)它是古人在长期的医疗实践中总结出来的用药理论,是以中医理论为基础、以临床实践为依据、为指导临床用药的纲领,成为临床中药学理论中的核心部分.中药性能理论术语规范同样是临床中药学学科建设的重要内容之一.中药性能理论术语尚不太规范,为此,建议中药性能理论术语作规范化研究.     

Mammalian skeletal muscle: Reduced chloride conductance in drug-induced myotonia and induction of myotonia by low-chloride solution

Summary Component conductances were determined in diaphragm fibres from normal rats and from rats suffering from experimental myotonia by measuring electrotonic potentials in normal and low-chloride Tyrode solution. The mean resting chloride conductance of myotonic fibres was significantly smaller by a factor of 1/3 than that of normal fibres, whereas potassium conductance was not significantly altered. The ratio of g _c1g _K was thus shifted from 7228 in normal fibres to 5050 in myotonic fibres. Decrease of chloride conductance by replacement of extracellular chloride with a non penetrating anion induced myotonia in isolated diaphragm within less than 10 min. All characteristic features of the myotonic diaphragm within less than 10 min. All characteristic features of the myotonic reaction observed in myotonia congenita of man and goat are shown to exist in low-chloride-myotonia. The action potential in low-chloride solution has a prolonged after-depolarization which increases with time. This leads to subsequent spontaneous activity.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

壳聚糖包衣的维生素E脂质体的制备及其体外性质考察

目的：制备壳聚糖（CS）包衣的维生素E（VE）脂质体，以期提高VE的稳定性。方法：用薄膜分散法制备VE脂质体，用0．1％CS溶液包衣。以包封率为指标，筛选出最佳的卵磷脂与胆固醇的比例及VE投药量，并对最佳处方制备的CS包衣VE脂质体进行形态、粒径、ζ电位及VE稳定性考察。结果：包封率最大的配方为卵磷脂：胆固醇为40：60，VE用量为70mg，脂质体形态圆整，可见明显的CS包衣层，ζ电位由包衣前的负值变为包衣后的正值，说明CS包衣成功。与VE原料、VE脂质体初悬液相比，CS包衣VE脂质体体外稳定性显著提高。结论：CS包衣VE脂质体可明显增加VE的体外稳定性。     

中药药性理论新课程的构建

中药药性是中药性质与功能的高度概括,是中药理论的基础与核心。针对目前中药学教学中普遍存在着轻理论、重功效的现象,开设中药药性理论课程成为必要。本文就开设中药药性理论课程的背景、教学内容及意义进行探讨。     

异种松质骨脱蛋白后性能实验分析

目的:通过理化方法制备脱蛋白松质骨,对其结构、组成、及生物安全性能进行分析,探讨异种脱蛋白松质骨作为骨组织工程载体可行性.方法:取成年猪和山羊股骨远端松质部分,1∶1氯仿甲醇液脱脂、30%H2O2脱蛋白,制得脱蛋白松质骨,并通过红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、氨基酸检测仪、力学实验以及体外组织工程骨构建,对其进行载体性能测试,通过动物实验做生物安全性能分析.结果:脱蛋白松质骨载体无机成分主要是与人骨天然成分相同的羟基磷灰石, 经过一系列处理后,胶原蛋白并没有被脱除,这种结构保持了较好的力学性能.脱蛋白松质骨由于脱除了主要的免疫原性物质,其免疫原性较弱,毒性低.人MSCs接种于载体后生长分化良好.结论:异种脱蛋白松质骨是一种良好骨组织工程载体.