基于HPLC指纹图谱及定量测定的益气逐瘀利水方质量评价研究

目的：建立益气逐瘀利水方的HPLC指纹图谱,并测定4种成分含量,为益气逐瘀利水方产业化开发的质量控制提供参考。方法：采用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C₁₈色谱柱,乙腈-0.1%磷酸水为流动相,梯度洗脱,体积流量1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30 ℃,检测波长245 nm,建立10批益气逐瘀利水方指纹图谱。采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价软件（2012年版）进行相似度评价,结合聚类分析（CA）、主成分分析（PCA）及正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析（OPLS-DA）模式识别技术进行质量评价,同时进行含量测定。结果：10批益气逐瘀利水方标准汤剂指纹图谱相似度均大于0.995,标定出共有峰24个,指认其中的4个共有峰（14号峰毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、15号峰阿魏酸、17号峰汉防己乙素、19号峰粉防己碱）,CA、PCA及OPLS-DA将10批样品分成2类。定量分析方法学考察结果良好,10批样品中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、阿魏酸、汉防己乙素、粉防己碱的定量结果分别为43.98~64.18、107.32~167.95、122.63~175.21、391.62~582.02 μg·g^-1。结论：所建立的益气逐瘀利水方指纹图谱及定量测定方法稳定性好、重复性高,可更加全面系统地评价益气逐瘀利水方的质量。     

Association between socioeconomic status and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Jiangsu province,China: a population-based study

Background:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common public health problem worldwide. Recent studies have reported that socioeconomic status (SES) is related to the incidence of COPD. This study aimed to investigate the association between SES and COPD among adults in Jiangsu province, China, and to determine the possible direct and indirect effects of SES on the morbidity of COPD.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 40 years and above between May and December of 2015 in Jiangsu province, China. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling approach. COPD, the outcome variable, was diagnosed by physicians based on spirometry, respiratory symptoms, and risk factors. Education, occupation, and monthly family average income (FAI) were used to separately indicate SES as the explanatory variable. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were introduced to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for examining the SES-COPD relationship. A pathway analysis was conducted to further explore the pulmonary function impairment of patients with different SES.Results:The mean age of the 2421 participants was 56.63 ± 9.62 years. The prevalence of COPD was 11.8% (95% CI: 10.5%–13.1%) among the overall sample population. After adjustment for age, gender, residence, outdoor and indoor air pollution, body weight status, cigarette smoking, and potential study area-level clustering effects, educational attainment was negatively associated with COPD prevalence in men; white collars were at lower risk (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43–0.83) of experiencing COPD than blue collars; compared with those within the lower FAI subgroup, participants in the upper (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.97) tertiles were less likely to experience COPD. Such negative associations between all these three SES indicators and COPD were significant among men only. Education, FAI, and occupation had direct or indirect effects on pulmonary function including post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC), FEV₁, FVC, and FEV₁ percentage of predicted. Education, FAI, and occupation had indirect effects on pulmonary function indices of all participants mainly through smoking status, indoor air pollution, and outdoor air pollution. We also found that occupation could affect post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC through body mass index.Conclusions:Education, occupation, and FAI had an adverse relationship with COPD prevalence in Jiangsu province, China. SES has both direct and indirect associations with pulmonary function impairment. SES is of great significance for COPD morbidity. It is important that population-based COPD prevention strategies should be tailored for people with different SES.     

Responding to families' questions about the meaning of physical movements in critically ill patients

Background

Families may have questions about the meaning of physical movement in critically ill patients for whom movements are likely involuntary. If unresolved, these questions may contribute to difficult communication around end-of-life care. This study used qualitative methods to describe physicians' responses to families' questions about the meaning of patients' movements in critically ill patients.

Methods

Fifty-one family conferences in which withdrawal of life support or discussion of bad news was addressed were audiotaped and analyzed with a limited application of grounded theory techniques. Patients were identified from intensive care units in 4 Seattle area hospitals. Two hundred twenty-seven family members and 36 physicians participated in the study.

Results

Family members' questions indicating lack of resolution about the meaning of patients' movements that were likely involuntary occurred in 6 (12%) of the 51 conferences. Physicians used 3 approaches to respond to the following questions: (1) providing clinical information, (2) acknowledging families' emotions, and (3) exploring the meaning of families' emotions. Physicians were most likely to provide clinical information in these situations and infrequently explored the meaning of families' emotions.

Conclusions

Physicians' responses to family questions indicating lack of resolution about the meaning of patients' movements that were likely involuntary can be categorized into 3 types. Physicians may be better able to respond to and resolve these questions by using all 3 types of communication approaches. Future studies should determine if such responses can improve families' experiences and other outcomes.     

The quality of electronic patient records in Finnish primary healthcare needs to be improved

Objective

To analyse the technical quality of electronic patient records in relation to legislation and to evaluate their quality associated with the quality of consultations as rated by patients and GPs.

Design

Cross-sectional study of electronic patient records.

Setting

Four primary healthcare (PHC) centres in Finland using three different electronic patient record systems.

Subjects

Patient records of 175 PHC consultations by 50 GPs, rated as the best (n=86) and the worst (n=89) of a total of 2191 consultations.

Main outcome measures

Documentation of records compared with legislation, the general informative value of records, and its relation to the experienced quality of consultations and to the electronic system employed.

Results

Reason for encounter was mentioned in 79% of cases and patient history in 32%. An acute problem was described moderately well or well in 84%, examination findings in 62%, medical problem or diagnosis in 90%, and treatment in 95% of cases. Medication was documented adequately in 38% of the cases where medication was documented. Concerning general informative value, 18% were assessed as poor, 62% as moderate, and 20% as good. No correspondence was found between experienced quality of consultation and general informative value in the patient records. The quality of patient records was found to change according to the electronic system employed.

Conclusions

Finnish patient records are inadequate documents of consultations and below the standard of that country''s legislation. Developing better models of recording would guarantee a higher quality of work.     

Unilateral photophobia or phonophobia in migraine compared with trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias

Our objective was to compare the presence of self-reported unilateral photophobia or phonophobia, or both, during headache attacks comparing patients with trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs)—including cluster headache, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and paroxysmal hemicrania—or hemicrania continua, and other headache types. We conducted a prospective study in patients attending a referral out-patient clinic over 5 months and those admitted for an intramuscular indomethacin test. Two hundred and six patients were included. In episodic migraine patients, two of 54 (4%) reported unilateral photophobia or phonophobia, or both. In chronic migraine patients, six of 48 (13%) complained of unilateral photophobia or phonophobia, or both, whereas none of the 24 patients with medication-overuse headache reported these unilateral symptoms, although these patients all had clinical symptoms suggesting the diagnosis of migraine. Only three of 22 patients (14%) suffering from new daily persistent headache (NDPH) experienced unilateral photophobia or phonophobia. In chronic cluster headache 10 of 21 patients (48%) had unilateral photophobia or phonophobia, or both, and this symptom appeared in four of five patients (80%) with episodic cluster headache. Unilateral photophobia or phonophobia, or both, were reported by six of 11 patients (55%) with hemicrania continua, five of nine (56%) with SUNCT, and four of six (67%) with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. Unilateral phonophobia or photophobia, or both, are more frequent in TACs and hemicrania continua than in migraine and NDPH. The presence of these unilateral symptoms may be clinically useful in the differential diagnosis of primary headaches.     

儿童疫苗接种率调查抽样方法的评价

目的比较三种接种率调查抽样方法的结果,以期选择最适宜现阶段的接种率调查抽样方法。方法分别采用PPS法、系统抽样法和分层整群抽样法对天津市1～2岁儿童建卡率、建证率、卡证符合率、计划免疫疫苗接种率,以及乙肝首针及时接种率、麻疹疫苗及时接种率进行调查比较,计算率进行χ2检验。结果 PPS法调查适龄儿童2 695人、系统抽样法调查适龄儿童1 073人、分层整群抽样法调查适龄儿童192人。PPS法、系统抽样法和分层整群抽样法调查的建证率两两比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.794,P>0.05;χ2=0.003,P>0.05;χ2值=0.15,P>0.05),建卡率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.25,P<0.05;χ2=194.85,P<0.05;χ2=24.652,P<0.05)。系统抽样法调查的儿童建卡率、建证率、卡证符合率、五苗合格接种率、卡介苗接种率、脊灰疫苗接种率、百白破疫苗接种率、麻疹疫苗接种率、乙肝疫苗接种率、乙肝首针及时接种率、麻疹疫苗及时接种率与PPS法结果进行比较,除脊灰疫苗接种率差异有统计学意义外,其他差异均无统计学意义。而分层整群抽样法调查的结果与PPS法相比较,除百白破疫苗接种率和麻疹疫苗首针及时接种率差异无统计学意义以外,其他差异均有统计学意义。系统抽样法和分层整群抽样法调查结果比较,除脊灰疫苗接种率、百白破疫苗接种率和麻疹疫苗首针及时接种率差异无统计学意义意外,其他差异均有统计学意义。PPS法和系统抽样法调查的结果一致率达到87.5%。结论与抗体水平监测相比接种率调查也能相对客观的反映儿童的接种水平。在高接种率状态下,系统抽样法和PPS法所得结果一致,为节省人力物力能用系统抽样法替代PPS法。分层整群抽样法更能发现工作中存在的问题和不足,可用于考核基层工作。     

Multi-level Factors Associated with Pregnancy among Urban Adolescent Women Seeking Psychological Services

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of pregnancy as well as multi-level factors (i.e., individual, family, and environment) associated with history of pregnancy among a sample of urban adolescent women seeking psychological services. Data were collected from a total of 264 sexually active, 13–18-year-old, adolescent women who participated in a larger HIV prevention study. Adolescents and one participating parent completed an audio computer-assisted self-interviewing survey. A total of 17.4 % of participants reported a history of pregnancy. A multivariable logistic regression model suggests that after controlling for empirically derived sociodemographic and behavioral covariates, absence of father in the home, family support and cohesion, and neighborhood risk were positively related to pregnancy. This study is among the first to examine multi-level factors associated with pregnancy among adolescent women diagnosed with psychological disorders. Consideration of such factors is crucial both in terms of clinical practice and in the design of pregnancy prevention programs. Collaboration between physicians and mental health providers working with adolescent women is crucial and represents an ideal opportunity to promote parental involvement and access to supportive community resources, including pregnancy prevention programs for this vulnerable population of adolescents.     

学习困难儿童家庭环境的分析

[目的]了解家庭环境对儿童学习能力的影响。[方法]采用整群抽样方法选择沈阳市3所小学3～6年级学生作为研究对象。采用儿童学习障碍筛查量表对研究对象进行学习困难的筛查;采用家庭环境调查量进行家庭环境的调查。[结果]学习困难检出率为10.43%,各年级儿童学习困难检出率无统计学差异(P﹥0.05),男生的检出率为13.55%,女生检出率为7.01%,男多于女,两者差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);学习困难组家庭的亲密度、知识性、组织性因子得分低于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01),矛盾性因子得分高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。[结论]家庭环境是影响儿童学习能力的因素之一。