PDCA在输液室护理安全管理中的应用

目的为了提升输液室患者满意度,提高护理质量,将PDCA运用至输液室的护理安全管理中,探究其实施效果。方法选择2017年12月-2018年11月至该院门诊输液室来行输液的患者,共600例,分成对照组和观察组,每组300例。对照组采用治疗常规护理、观察组采用PDCA护理方式,对比两组的不良事件发生率及患者对护理的满意度。结果观察组(97.00%)比对照组不良事件发生率更低,但护理满意度更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在输液室护理管理中开展PDCA可规范输液室的工作规范,提升患者的满意度,降低不良事件发生率,有助于提高输液室的治疗效果。     

情景模拟健康教育在晚期肺癌患者癌痛管理中的应用

目的 探讨情景模拟健康教育在晚期肺癌患者癌痛管理中的应用效果，旨在提高晚期肺癌患者提高癌痛应对和管理能力。方法 采用便利抽样法，选取2019年5月-2020年5月在同济大学附属上海市肺科医院肿瘤科住院的晚期肺癌患者60例为研究对象，按其住院时间先后顺序分为对照组（n=30）和观察组（n=30）。对照组患者给予肺癌常规护理及健康教育，观察组在其基础上给予情景模拟健康教育干预，主要围绕正确认识癌痛、癌痛自我评估、癌痛应对、躯体功能应对和负性心理情绪调试等展开。分别于患者入院第1天及第7天评估患者疼痛管理效能及情绪状况。结果 入院第1天，两组患者慢性疼痛自我效能感量表和中文版简式-简明心境问卷得分组间比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），入院第7天，组间比较有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。结论 情景模拟健康教育可有效提高晚期肺癌患者疼痛管理自我效能，改善患者负性心理情绪，进而提高其生活质量，值得临床进一步应用和推广。     

Systematic review and meta-analysis of fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in a widely disseminated community-based fall prevention program

BackgroundFear of falling restricts mobility and increases fall risk among older adults. Fall-related efficacy (i.e. the confidence to perform activities without falling), a construct related to fear of falling, has also been associated with active living and fall prevention. This study statistically synthesized the program effects of A Matter of Balance Volunteer Lay Leader (AMOB/VLL) model, designed to improve fall-related efficacy and promote daily activities among community-dwelling older adults.MethodsResearch articles and doctoral dissertations that examined the effect of the AMOB/VLL on fear of falling and fall-related efficacy were searched from multiple databases. A random effects model was used to compute mean weighted effect sizes, 95 % CIs, and heterogeneity (I²). Bias was examined through a funnel plot and Egger’s test. Factors associated with heterogeneity were also explored.ResultsSeventeen AMOB/VLL studies involving 3,860 participants were identified. The pooled effects of the 13 studies with sufficient information for effect size calculation, were −0.29 (95 % CI: −0.40, −0.19) for fear of falling and 0.51 (95 % CI: 0.42, 0.60) for fall-related efficacy. Effect sizes differed partially due to outcome measures of fall-related efficacy. Covariate adjustment and study quality were not associated with differences in effect sizes. No substantial evidence of asymmetry and publication bias was found.ConclusionThis study provides evidence supporting AMOB/VLL as an effective intervention for reducing fear of falling and improving fall-related efficacy. A greater consistency in outcome measures is needed to optimally capture changes in fear of falling and fall-related efficacy among community-dwelling older adults.     

专病护理的个案管理模式在行PTCD的梗阻性黄疸病人中的应用效果

目的:探讨专病护理的个案管理模式在行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(PTCD)术的梗阻性黄疸病人中的应用效果。方法:选取2017年1月—2017年12月和2018年2月—2018年12月就诊于郑州大学第一附属医院介入科一病区且首次诊断为梗阻性黄疸的病人130例为研究对象,按照入院时间的先后顺序分为对照组65例(2017年1月—2017年12月入院),观察组65例(2018年2月—2018年12月入院)。对照组采取常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上采取专病护理的个案管理模式,比较两组病人术后并发症发生情况、疾病知识知晓率及护理满意率。结果:观察组病人疾病知识知晓率及护理满意度明显高于对照组(P<0.05),术后并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:专病护理的个案管理模式应用于行PTCD的梗阻性黄疸病人,明显提高了病人疾病知识知晓率,减少了术后并发症的发生,同时提高了病人的护理满意度。     

英国癌症药物基金改革及对医保创新药支付政策的启示

目的:通过对英国癌症药物基金(Cancer Drugs Fund, CDF)的形成背景、运行机制及改革中优化管理策略进行批判借鉴研究,为中国创新药准入及管理政策的制定提供参考。方法:文献梳理、政策分析。结果:CDF在解决癌症患者创新药的可及性、可负担性方面具有积极意义,但同时存在较大争议。CDF通过不断改革完善、优化基金管理办法,在药品准入和退出机制、审批流程规范化、预算管理风险分摊协议等方面做出优化调整。结论和建议:CDF在癌症创新药快速准入方面的经验及教训值得我国批判借鉴。中国的创新药支付政策方面,建议可成立多元化筹资的癌症药物基金,建立药物准入及退出机制,关注真实世界数据在支付决策中的作用,探索合理超支分担科学管理的预算协议。     

整体、动态、个性化、全程的原则在福建省新型冠状病毒肺炎防控中的运用

新型冠状病毒肺炎具有传染性强、家族聚集性、病情进展迅速、证候表现多端、症状隐匿、病后观察期长的特点。福建省受五运六气、地理环境、气候、饮食习惯影响,与疫病发生中心区武汉市的大多数以寒湿为主的病机有所不同,福建沿海地区多数有兼杂有"热",因此整体、动态、个性化、全程地把握福建省新型冠状病毒肺炎的中医病因病机特征,根据分期分类、全程覆盖、注重恢复后的健康管理原则,三因制宜制定适合福建省的中医防控措施尤为重要。     

Effects of COVID-19 in South African health system and society: An explanatory study

Background and aimsThe underestimation of the severity of COVID-19 by the South African government resulted in delayed action against the pandemic. Ever since WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic preventive action was comprehensively upgraded worldwide. This prompted South African authorities to implement physical distancing, self-isolation, closure of non-essential services, schools, travelling restrictions and recursive national lockdowns to mitigate the impact of COVID-19. This explanatory study sought to review the effects of COVID-19 in the South African health system and society.MethodsThe study applied literature research of COVID-19 reports, policies from the National Department of Health, WHO, Africa CDC, and articles from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed.ResultsThe South African health system is affected by the lack of PPEs, increased mortality rates, mental health problems, substance abuse, resurgent of NCDs. The closure of international borders, global demand meltdown, supply disruptions, dramatic scaling down of human and industrial activities during lockdown cause socio-economic problems. The prolonged effects of lockdown on psychosocial support services resulted in the outbursts of uncertainties, acute panic, fear, depression, obsessive behaviours, social unrests, stigmatization, anxiety, increased gender-based violence cases and discrimination in the distribution of relief food aid.ConclusionTo slow down the spread of COVID-19, massive testing must be adopted, contact tracing, isolation, and home quarantine guidelines for asymptomatic cases which promote behavioural change and reviewing of policy on food relief.     

Clinical tests for confirming tracheal intubation or excluding oesophageal intubation: a diagnostic test accuracy systematic review and meta-analysis

Unrecognised oesophageal intubation causes preventable serious harm to patients undergoing tracheal intubation. When capnography is unavailable or doubted, clinicians still use clinical findings to confirm tracheal intubation, or exclude oesophageal intubation, and false reassurance from clinical examination is a recurring theme in fatal cases of unrecognised oesophageal intubation. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of five clinical examination tests and the oesophageal detector device when used to confirm tracheal intubation. We searched four databases for studies reporting index clinical tests against a reference standard, from inception to 28 February 2023. We included 49 studies involving 10,654 participants. Methodological quality was overall moderate to high. We looked at misting (three studies, 115 participants); lung auscultation (three studies, 217 participants); combined lung and epigastric auscultation (four studies, 506 participants); the oesophageal detector device (25 studies, 3024 participants); ‘hang-up’ (two non-human studies); and chest rise (one non-human study). The reference standards used were capnography (22 studies); direct vision (10 studies); and bronchoscopy (three studies). When used to confirm tracheal intubation, misting has a false positive rate (95%CI) of 0.69 (0.43–0.87); lung auscultation 0.14 (0.08–0.23); five-point auscultation 0.18 (0.08–0.36); and the oesophageal detector device 0.05 (0.02–0.09). Tests to exclude events that invariably lead to severe damage or death must have a negligible false positive rate. Misting or auscultation have too high a false positive rate to reliably exclude oesophageal intubation and there is insufficient evidence to support the use of ‘hang-up’ or chest rise. The oesophageal detector device may be considered where other more reliable means are not available, though waveform capnography remains the reference standard for confirmation of tracheal intubation.