大学生性病感染影响因素研究

目的调查大学生性病患病及其影响因素。方法分析对象来自于浙江省某市高校大学生性行为问卷调查。对2540名已经发生性行为,并回答了是否曾经被诊断为性病的学生,被纳入分析。结果在2540名已经有性行为的学生中,39(1.5%)名学生报告曾经被诊断患过性病。在多因素逻辑回归分析中,排除可能的混杂回素,有一个以上的性伴侣,有过肛门性交的历史,自己或性伴侣怀孕和流产的经历,认为感染性病的可能性"可能/较高/很高",依然显示与被诊断为性病有显著性关联。结论必须尽快在大学生中间开展性病预防工作。防止性病传播不仅需要传播相关知识,还需倡导推迟性行为的发生,减少性伴侣数,每次性行为均要正确使用安全套,以及预防非计划怀孕和人工流产等综合性的措施,同时提供有效的性病诊疗服务。     

Overweight and obesity in Portuguese children and adolescents

The objective of this study is to obtain reliable data from recent studies concerned with obesity and its determinants in Portuguese children and adolescents. We searched in Medline/PubMed published data on overweight and obesity in Portuguese children and adolescents; search terms included “Portugal”, “overweight”, “obesity”, “children” and “adolescents”. We also conducted limited hand-searching of additional studies from PhD theses and other academic theses that addressed overweight or obesity in children and adolescents. Studies that considered body mass index based on self-reported weight and height were excluded. We identified 15 studies that reported overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Portugal, but 1 study was excluded because it included self-reported weight and height. The International Task Force Recommendation (IOTF) using Cole cut-offs was the most used criterion to estimate overweight and obesity, followed by the age- and sex-specific BMI reference percentiles developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The range of ages in these studies was between 2 and 15 years. There were some variations in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among studies and different regions. In children between 3 and 5 years of age, one study reported that overweight reached 13.6% in boys and 20.4% in girls, and obesity varied between 6.5% and 6.9%, respectively, in boys and girls. Between 6 and 10 years of age (using the IOTF definition), in boys, the prevalence of overweight varied from 14.7 to 30.5% and obesity from 5.3 to 13.2%; in girls, overweight values ranged from 16.5 to 29.1% and obesity from 6.4 to 12.6%. One study evaluated only adolescents that were born in 1990 (ages varied between 13 and 14 years) and reported both prevalences of overweight and obesity; the applied method was CDC criteria; in boys, the percentage of overweight was 16.9%, and obesity prevalence was 11.3%; in girls, overweight was 16.0% and the percentage of obese was 9.2%. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Portuguese children and adolescents may be considered as alarming, and early intervention to prevent obesity is needed.     

Correlates of physical activity among middle-aged Finnish male police officers

BACKGROUND: Few studies exist on adherence to exercise within specific occupational groups. AIMS: This study aimed at identifying factors explaining leisure-time physical activity among middle-aged Finnish police officers. METHODS: Middle-aged police officers (n = 103) participated in the study in 1981 and 1996. Frequency of and adherence to leisure-time physical activity and fitness were assessed. RESULTS: The factor 'enjoyment' was the most powerful determinant for both physical activity and fitness, but all the factors studied accounted for only 10% of the variability. Leisure-time physical activity in 1981 correlated significantly with leisure-time physical activity in 1996. CONCLUSIONS: The physical activity of the middle-aged police officers can be in part predicted from their physical activity in early adulthood. Enjoyment related to physical activity seems to be important with respect to enhancing adherence. Perhaps, being fit increases the feeling of enjoyment during exercise.     

Family and school determinants of overweight in 13-year-old Portuguese adolescents

AIMS: To identify familial and school determinants of overweight in 13-year-old adolescents. METHODS: All 27 public and 19 (79%) private schools allowed to contact age eligible students, 77.5% accepting to participate (1116 girls, 1045 boys). Self-administered questionnaires were completed and physical examination performed, including weight and height measurements. Overweight (> 95th percentile) and at risk of overweight (85th-95th) were defined using CDC standards. Its determinants were identified using logistic regression models, entering parents' education and all variables significantly associated in crude analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence of overweight (10.2%) and at risk of overweight (16.5%) was not influenced by type of school, vending machines and number of school canteen meals. In girls, the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) > 85th percentile increased significantly with decreasing age at menarche (45.7% if menstruating before 11-year and 13.2% when pre-menarche), and increasing parental BMI or time spent on sedentary activities. In multivariate analysis, age at menarche and increasing parental BMI remained significant risks in girls. In boys, besides parental BMI, ever smoking, sleeping < 9 h and sedentary leisure activities were significant determinants. CONCLUSIONS: Food offered at school had no significant impact on adolescents overweight, which was mainly dependent on parental anthropometrics and leisure time activities.     

Determinants of participation in leisure activities among adolescents with cerebral palsy

Studies have identified restrictions in engagement in leisure activities for adolescents with disabilities. Participation is a complex construct and likely influenced by a variety of factors. These potential determinants have not yet been sufficiently explored in the population of adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). The objective of this study is to estimate the potential influence of adolescent characteristics and environmental factors as determinants of participation in leisure activities for adolescents with CP. A cross-sectional design was used. Participants were adolescents (12–19 years old) with cerebral palsy. Participants were assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale – II, Gross Motor Function Measure, Gross Motor Function Classification System, Manual Ability Classification System and completed the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Family Environment Scale, the European Child Environment Questionnaire and the Preferences for Activities of Children. The main outcome measure was the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment. 187 adolescents (age M = 15.4; SD = 2.2) completed the study. Multivariate models of participation in leisure revealed associations with factors related to the adolescents’ functional characteristics and attitudes, the family environment, socioeconomic status, and contextual factors such as school type, and collectively explained from 28% (diversity of skill-based activities) up to 48% (intensity and diversity of self-improvement activities) of the variance in intensity and diversity in five leisure participation domains (diversity: r² = .33 recreational; r² = .39 active-physical; r² = .33 social activities). Adolescent's mastery motivation, self-perception and behavior were individually associated with participation in different activity domains, but did not strongly predict participation within multivariate models, while preferences for activities were strong predictors of participation in all domains, except for skill-based activities. Engagement in different types of leisure activities is important for adolescents’ development and well-being. Health care professionals should consider adolescents’ and families’ characteristics to promote participation in leisure activities.     

Consistent determinants of health-related quality of life in the first 12 months after stroke: a prospective study in Nigeria

Abstract

Background:

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of stroke survivors can be described as an important and holistic index of stroke outcome. To enhance this all encompassing construct, information on its predictors at different phases of stroke is required.

Objective:

This study sought to identify consistent determinants of HRQoL over the course of 1 year after stroke in Nigeria.

Methods:

Information on socio-demographic, clinical, and functioning attributes of 55 consecutive individuals with first-ever stroke were obtained during acute admission and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-stroke. Attributes of functioning namely, motor performance, functional activity, and participation were assessed using the Simplified Fugl–Meyer Assessment, the motor-Functional Independence Measure, and the London Handicap Scale, respectively. HRQoL was also assessed with the Health-Related Quality of Life in Stroke Patients-40 scale at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Attributes that were associated with HRQoL at these time points were identified using bivariate and multivariable regression analyses.

Results:

Among the independent variables, concurrently assessed participation was the sole significant (P?<?0.0001) determinant of HRQoL at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively accounting for 70%, 64%, and 75% variance in HRQoL. At 12 months, participation (P?<?0.0001), and functional activity (P?<?0.05) accounted for 83% variance in HRQoL, with better functional activity and participation associated with better HRQoL.

Conclusion:

The outcome of this study indicates that optimizing post-stroke functional activity and participation through proven and effective rehabilitation strategies may result in better HRQoL in stroke survivors.     

我国空巢老人慢性病患病状况及其影响因素分析

目的了解我国空巢老人的慢性病患病状况及其影响因素。方法使用数据全部来自北京大学“985”项目资助、北京大学中国社会科学调查中心执行的中国家庭追踪调查。计算数据中2450名空巢老人的慢性病患病种数,采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析。结果空巢老人慢性病患病率为25．7％,其中患一种慢性病的为17．8％,患两种及以上的占8．O％。年龄、性别、文化程度、工作状态、城乡、社会参与、无话不说的人和收入水平与空巢老人的慢性病患病种数的相关性差异有统计学意义。结论空巢老人的慢性病患病受多种因素的影响,农村地区的女性空巢老人是需要重点关注的人群。     

公众食品安全监管满意现状及影响因素分析

目的：了解公众对食品安全监管的满意现状及其影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对浙江省7550名常住人口进行问卷调查。结果有效问卷7460份,有效回收率为98.81%。公众最担心肉制品类和违规使用添加剂的安全隐患,最常遇到食品过期变质问题。公众对监管现状和监管工作满意度受到了无证无照现象认知、宣传工作力度、打击违法行为力度、投诉举报畅通程度、性别和文化程度6个共同因素影响,监管现状满意度还受到了居住地、职业和不安全食品经历其他3个因素影响。结论公众对食品安全监管的评价不容乐观,应不断加大食品安全监管力度,加强城郊结合部的治理工作,从根本上减少和杜绝不安全食品,增强公众对食品安全的信心和安全感。     

我国农民工职业安全卫生现状及影响因素分析

目的:分析我国农民工职业安全卫生的现状和存在的问题.方法:基于第三期中国妇女社会地位调查数据,对变量进行描述分析、卡方检验和回归分析.结果:43.0％的被访农民工在劳动环境中存在粉尘、噪声、过量负重、长时间立(蹲)位作业、化学毒物等职业安全卫生风险,农民工发生安全事故和患职业病的比例达5.3％,性别和年龄因素对其影响显著.结论:农民工社会保障覆盖有限、职业安全卫生培训欠缺、防护措施不足以及流动性较强、工作不稳定等因素对其职业安全卫生的影响最为突出.建议:健全工伤医疗保险相关制度,强化用人单位的参保责任;加强职业安全卫生培训,拓展农民工职业健康保护;整合职能、增强力量,提升职业安全卫生防护监管水平;设立安全事故和职业病救助基金,建设农民工职业安全卫生保护网.     

上海市虹口区性病门诊推行实名制就诊和减免治疗的可行性

目的了解在虹口区性病门诊推行实名制就诊和减免治疗两项措施的可行性及其影响因素。方法对529名性病门诊就诊者进行问卷调查,对人口学情况、艾滋病知识和性行为进行描述性分析,分别就实名制就诊和减免治疗两项措施的反应评价进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果就诊者以已婚的中青年男性为主,最近三个月发生过商业性行为和非商业临时性行为的比例分别为34.4%和34.2%。13.2%的人有重复就诊行为;37.1%的人不会告知性伴/配偶自己患有性病。28.7%的人赞成性病门诊实名制就诊,相对于有商业性行为的就诊者,存在非商业临时性行为的人(OR=2.593)更赞成实名制就诊。77.9%的人希望实行性病减免治疗,知识得分较高的就诊者(OR=1.881)和存在重复就诊行为的就诊者(OR=2.099)意愿更强。结论实行实名制就诊制度面临阻力,做好商业性行为人群心理建设和宣传动员工作,加强性病门诊信息管理是关键所在,减免治疗应在实名制就诊基础上推进。