肠道菌群结构改变与妊娠期糖尿病的关系研究

背景　妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）在近年妊娠期疾病中所占比例日益增加,其高发病率为我国母婴健康和公共卫生事业带来了巨大危害。目前研究提示人类肠道菌群的结构改变与相关代谢性疾病密切相关,越来越多的证据提示肠道菌群结构和相对比例的改变可能是糖尿病、肥胖等疾病的高危因素。目的　探究肠道球形梭菌和多形拟杆菌水平改变与GDM发生之间的关系。方法　本研究为巢式病例对照研究。选取2018-03-01至2019-03-30于新疆医科大学第一附属医院就诊的1 034例妊娠妇女,在其首次就诊于本院并确认妊娠时纳入观察队列,之后每4周返回医院行随访并完成产检,当确诊GDM时为最后一次随访。将确诊为GDM的受试者作为病例组,依据病例组受试者年龄、孕周、时间等相关信息进行1∶1匹配对照组受试者。比较对照组和病例组一般资料,入组时、妊娠20周、诊断GDM时球形梭菌、多 形拟杆菌水平。分析病例组不同时间点球形梭菌及多形拟杆菌与空腹血糖间的相关性。结果　1 034例观察队列中,28例受试者中途退出,5例受试者失访,故共计1 001例受试者完成随访,其中90例（8.99％）被诊断为GDM,即病例组。对照组与病例组年龄、受教育程度、糖尿病家族史发生率、腹围、多囊卵巢综合征发生率、高血压发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组入组时球形梭菌、多形拟杆菌水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;病例组妊娠20周、诊断GDM时球形梭菌、多形拟杆菌水平高于对照组（P<0.05）。病例组妊娠20周、诊断GDM时球形梭菌、多形拟杆菌水平高于入组时（P<0.05）;对照组在病例组诊断GDM对应的时间点的多形拟杆菌水平高于入组时和妊娠20周时（P<0.05）。病例组诊断GDM时球形梭菌、多形拟杆菌与诊断GDM时空腹血糖呈正相关（r值分别为0.435、0.342,P值分别为<0.001、0.001）。结论　球形梭菌与多形拟杆菌的结构改变可能是导致GDM发病的原因之一。     

《中国成人艰难梭菌感染诊断和治疗专家共识》解读

【摘要】艰难梭菌（Clostridium difficile,CD）为人类肠道的条件致病菌,是医院和社区感染性腹泻的重要病原菌。随着抗生素的滥用及高毒力菌株027/NAP1/BI型的流行,艰难梭菌感染（CDI）的发病率不断上升,已引起世界范围的关注。2017年发表的《中国成人艰难梭菌感染诊断和治疗专家共识》是首次针对CDI诊断和治疗的中国专家共识,在业界受到高度关注。本文就《中国成人艰难梭菌感染诊断和治疗专家共识》中艰难梭菌感染的诊断、检测及治疗进行解读。     

Clinical and economic consequences of vancomycin and fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in Canada

BACKGROUND:

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) represents a public health problem with increasing incidence and severity.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the clinical and economic consequences of vancomycin compared with fidaxomicin in the treatment of CDI from the Canadian health care system perspective.

METHODS:

A decision-tree model was developed to compare vancomycin and fidaxomicin for the treatment of severe CDI. The model assumed identical initial cure rates and included first recurrent episodes of CDI (base case). Treatment of patients presenting with recurrent CDI was examined as an alternative analysis. Costs included were for study medication, physician services and hospitalization. Cost effectiveness was measured as incremental cost per recurrence avoided. Sensitivity analyses of key input parameters were performed.

RESULTS:

In a cohort of 1000 patients with an initial episode of severe CDI, treatment with fidaxomicin led to 137 fewer recurrences at an incremental cost of $1.81 million, resulting in an incremental cost of $13,202 per recurrence avoided. Among 1000 patients with recurrent CDI, 113 second recurrences were avoided at an incremental cost of $18,190 per second recurrence avoided. Incremental costs per recurrence avoided increased with increasing proportion of cases caused by the NAP1/B1/027 strain. Results were sensitive to variations in recurrence rates and treatment duration but were robust to variations in other parameters.

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of fidaxomicin is associated with a cost increase for the Canadian health care system. Clinical benefits of fidaxomicin compared with vancomycin depend on the proportion of cases caused by the NAP1/B1/027 strain in patients with severe CDI.     

A cohort study for the derivation and validation of a clinical prediction scale for hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection

OBJECTIVE:

To develop and validate a clinical prediction scale for hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).

METHODS:

A community-based, 360-bed hospital located in the suburbs of a metropolitan area in the United States served as the setting for the present retrospective cohort study. The cohort consisted of patients admitted to the adult medical service over a six-year period from October 2005 to September 2011. The cohort was divided into derivation (October 2005 to September 2009) and validation (October 2009 to September 2011) groups. The primary outcome measure was hospital-onset CDIs identified as stool positive for C difficile after 48 h of hospital admission ordered for new-onset unformed stool by the treating physician.

RESULTS:

In the derivation phase, 35,588 patients were admitted to the medical service and 21,541 stayed in hospital beyond 48 h. A total of 266 cases of CDI were identified, 121 of which were hospital onset. The developed clinical prediction scale included the onset of unformed stool (5 points), length of hospital stay beyond seven days (4 points), age >65 years (3 points), long-term care facility residence (2 points), high-risk antibiotic use (1 point) and hypoalbuminemia (1 point). The scale had an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.93 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.94) in predicting hospital-onset CDI, with a sensitivity of 0.94 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.97) and a specificity of 0.80 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.80) at a cut-off score of 9 on the scale. During the validation phase, 16,477 patients were admitted, of whom 10,793 stayed beyond 48 h and 58 acquired CDI during hospitalization. The predictive performance of the score was maintained in the validation cohort (AUC 0.95 [95% CI 0.93 to 0.96]) and the goodness-to-fit model demonstrated good calibration.

CONCLUSION:

The authors developed and validated a simple clinical prediction scale for hospital-onset CDI. This score can be used for periodical evaluation of hospitalized patients for early initiation of contact precautions and empirical treatment once it is validated externally in a prospective manner.     

A Canadian Working Group report on fecal microbial therapy: microbial ecosystems therapeutics

A working group from across Canada comprised of clinician and basic scientists, epidemiologists, ethicists, Health Canada regulatory authorities and representatives of major funding agencies (Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada) met to review the current experience with fecal microbial therapy and to identify the key areas of study required to move this field forward. The report highlights the promise of fecal microbial therapy and related synthetic stool therapy (together called 'microbial ecosystems therapeutics') for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis and, possibly, other disorders. It identifies pressing clinical issues that need to be addressed as well as social, ethical and regulatory barriers to the use of these important therapies.     

Clinical Predictors of Fulminant Colitis in Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection

Background/Aim:

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) can affect up to 8% of hospitalized patients. Twenty-five percent CDI patients may develop C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) and 1–3% may progress to fulminant C. difficile colitis (FCDC). Once developed, FCDC has higher rates of complications and mortality.

Patients and Methods:

A 10-year retrospective review of FCDC patients who underwent colectomy was performed and compared with randomly selected age- and sex-matched non-fulminant CDAD patients at our institution. FCDC (n=18) and CDAD (n=49) groups were defined clinically, radiologically, and pathologically. Univariate analysis was performed using Chi-square and Student''s t test followed by multivariate logistic regression to compute independent predictors.

Results:

FCDC patients were significantly older (77 ± 13 years), presented with triad of abdominal pain (89%), diarrhea (72%), and distention (39%); 28% had prior CDI and had greater hemodynamic instability. In contrast, CDAD patients were comparatively younger (65 ± 20 years), presented with only 1 or 2 of these 3 symptoms and only 5% had prior CDI. No significant difference was noted between the 2 groups in terms of comorbid conditions, use of antibiotics, or proton pump inhibitor. Leukocytosis was significantly higher in FCDC patients (18.6 ± 15.8/mm³ vs 10.7 ± 5.2/mm³; P=0.04) and further increased until the point of surgery. Use of antiperistaltic medications was higher in FCDC than CDAD group (56% vs 22%; P=0.01).

Conclusions:

Our data suggest several clinical and laboratory features in CDI patients, which may be indicative of FCDC. These include old age (>70 years), prior CDI, clinical triad of increasing abdominal pain, distention and diarrhea, profound leukocytosis (>18,000/mm³), hemodynamic instability, and use of antiperistaltic medications.     

艰难梭菌腹泻及实验室诊断

目的探讨艰难梭菌A&B毒素测定在临床应用价值,分析艰难梭菌毒素感染的临床特点。方法对四川大学华西医院2011-02/08收集的155份住院腹泻患者大便标本,采用VIDAS艰难梭菌A&B毒素检测试剂盒进行毒素检测。根据A&B毒素检测结果,将研究对象分为3组:艰难梭菌毒素检测阳性(CDAB阳性)组、艰难梭菌毒素检测灰区组和艰难梭菌毒素检测阴性组。对3组的实验室检测数据和临床资料进行分析比较,实验数据包括大便常规、血常规、生化检测以及粪便镜下微生物学检查,临床资料包括患者的年龄性别、使用抗生素与预后情况等。结果共检测了155例腹泻患者的大便标本,其中艰难梭菌A&B毒素阳性17例(10.97%),可疑6例(3.87%)。155例腹泻患者分为艰难梭菌毒素阳性、可疑和阴性3组进行实验室检测结果比较分析,大便隐血试验在阳性组和阴性组间有统计学差异(P=0.027)。3组病患的临床资料分析显示,抗真菌药物和质子泵抑制剂的使用可能是引起艰难梭菌感染的危险因素。结论艰难梭菌A&B毒素检测技术成熟并已商品化,该方法快速、简单、特异性高,可以作为艰难梭菌临床感染的辅助诊断指标。大便隐血试验可提示艰难梭菌感染,但不具有特异性。     

Extubation difficile imprévue

Complications at extubation remain an important risk factor in anaesthesia. Airway related complications at extubation are relatively frequent but are usually dealt with by simple basic measures. We report a new case of respiratory complications associated with tracheal extubation in a 59-year-old woman. Her medical history included obesity, no criteria difficult intubation and no adverse events during her previous anesthetic procedures. At the end of surgery, immediately after extubation, the patient developed respiratory distress requiring reintubation. A second extubation performed in postoperative recovery room was complicated by a new respiratory distress with reintubation. The patient was then admitted to the ICU. The examination on admission was unremarkable. Chest X-ray and a chest CT scan were performed in search of an etiology. Both tests showed a large thyroid “goitre plongeant” (plunging goiter) and compressive. In the suites, a thyroidectomy was performed with excision of a large cervical plunging goiter para- and retropharyngeal bilateral chest, allowing extubation successfully. The postoperative course was uneventful.     

Intubation au vidéolaryngoscope sous-sédation

We report a video laryngoscopic tracheal intubation under sedation in a patient with a hip fracture. Preoperative assessment revealed signs of difficult airway management linked to a cervical spine immobilization. Here we describe an alternative method to awake fiber optic flexible intubation.     

Comparaison de l’Airtraq™ et du laryngoscope Macintosh pour l’intubation trachéale chez l’adulte avec stabilisation manuelle en ligne du rachis cervical

Introduction

Airtraq laryngoscope is a new and single use device for endotracheal intubation. Few studies showed the superiority of the Airtraq comparing to Macintosh laryngoscope in the setting of difficult intubation.

Study design

To compare the performance of these two laryngoscopes by simulating a situation of reduced mobility of the cervical spine by applying the Manual in-line stablization (MILS) maneuver.

Patients and methods

After obtaining the approval of the ethic committee, we realized a prospective single blind randomized study. During a 6-month period, 120 consenting patients scheduled for ORL or ophthalmologic surgery were included. They all had general anesthesia and orotracheal intubation. These patients were randomly and equally divided in two groups (n = 60), depending on the type of the laryngoscope used (Airtraq or Macintosh). Were excluded from the study the patients with history or criteria predicting difficult intubation. Each patient was intubated by one of the five experimented anesthetists selected for this work. The principle judgment criteria were: i) the time taken for the orotracheal intubation and ii) the intubation difficulty score (IDS). The secondary judgment criterion was the hemodynamic modifications after the endotracheal intubation.

Results

Demographic and upper airway track variables were comparable between the two groups. There was no case of failure of intubation in this serie. Nonetheless, all the patients of the Airtaq group were intubated from the first attempt, whereas half of the patients of the Macintosh group were intubated after the third attempt. Comparing to the Macintosh, the Airtraq reduces the time taken for the orotracheal intubation (14 ± 1 s vs 19 ± 3 s, P = 0.01), the necessity of additional maneuver to facilitate the intubation, and the intubation difficulty score (0.7 ± 0.3 vs 3.8 ± 1, P < 0.001). Orotracheal intubation using the Airtraq laryngoscope caused less hemodynamic stimulation than using the Macintosh.

Conclusion

Our study showed the usefulness of the Airtraq laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation for patients presenting conditions of difficult intubation such as reduced mobility of the cervical spine.