Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines: the beginning of the end of cervical cancer

Persistent infection with one of the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is a necessity for the development of cervical cancer. By HPV vaccination, cervical cancer could become a very rare disease. Two types of HPV vaccines can be distinguished: (i) therapeutic vaccines which induce cellular immunity targeted against epithelial cells infected with HPV and (ii) prophylactic vaccines inducing virus-neutralizing antibodies protecting against new but not against established infections. At present, several vaccines have been developed and tested in clinical trials. The vaccines are generally well tolerated and highly immunogenic. The current clinical data indicate that prophylactic vaccines are very effective against new persistent infections and the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions. The protection is type specific. However, the follow-up of the vaccination trials is still short. The effect of HPV vaccines on future cancer incidence will only be known after decades of follow-up. This article will address the status of recently terminated phase II and currently running phase III trials with prophylactic HPV vaccines.     

膀胱肿瘤2350例临床病理学特点分析

目的 探讨膀胱肿瘤的发病现状、总体趋势和病理特点.方法 整理1980-2007年2350例膀胱肿瘤病理档案,分为1980-1989、1990-1999和2000-2007年3个时间段.应用SPSS 13.0软件分析3时间段患者性别、年龄及肿瘤组织学类型间的关系.结果 2350例膀胱肿瘤中男1854例,女496例.良性92例,恶性2258例,膀胱恶性肿瘤的发病人数逐年上升.发病高峰年龄从50～69岁推迟到60～79岁.1980-1989、1990-1999和2000-2007年3个时间段中男、女恶性肿瘤病例数分别为524例和113例(4.64:11 00)、589例和164例(3.59:1.00)、675例和193例(3.50:1.00),男性约为女性的3.80倍;3时间段男性发生膀胱尿路上皮癌年龄分别为(57.5±11.7)、(62.6±12.3)、(65.9±11.3)岁,女性分别为(58.7±13.6)、(60.7±12.1)、(65.8±12.0)岁,男女各年龄段分别比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).男性发生鳞状细胞癌、尿路上皮癌和腺癌年龄分别为(68.05±9.7)、(59.85±14.1)、(63.4±9.9)岁,差异有统计学意义(P相似文献   

膀胱移行细胞癌Mta-1基因与蛋白表达及其临床意义

目的:检测膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中Mta-1mRNA与蛋白表达,分析其与BTCC临床分期、病理分级、转移及复发的关系。方法:原位杂交、免疫组化方法检测42例BTCC组织Mta-1mRNA与蛋白的表达;CD34标记血管内皮细胞,计数肿瘤组织微血管密度(MVD);结合临床病理资料,分析Mta-1与BTCC的侵袭转移、血管生成及复发间的关系。结果:①Mta-1mRNA与蛋白在BTCC中高度表达,其表达阳性率分别为78.6%、73.8%,与正常组织比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且随BTCC临床分期及病理分级的升高而增加,肿瘤复发组高于无复发组,肿瘤转移组高于无转移组(P<0.05)。②经非参数相关分析发现,Mta-1蛋白与Mta-1mR-NA表达呈高度正相关,Rs为0.945,P=0.000;CD34标染的微血管密度(MVD)与Mta-1mRNA与蛋白表达亦呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.712、0.683,P=0.000。结论:①Mta-1在膀胱移行细胞癌中高度表达,并随着肿瘤临床分期和病理分级的升高而增加,与肿瘤的转移及复发密切相关。②Mta-1参与膀胱移行细胞癌的侵袭、转移,可能与促进血管生成有关。     

环氧合酶-2反义核酸对膀胱癌细胞恶性表型的抑制作用

目的探讨环氧合酶-2(COX-2)反义核酸对膀胱癌细胞恶性表型的抑制作用。方法采用脂质体介导方法,分别构建转染COX-2反义真核表达载体和空载体的膀胱癌细胞系5637-AS细胞和5637-P细胞,RT-PCR及W estern b lot分析转染细胞COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达水平。MTT比色实验、Boyden侵袭小室法和裸鼠成瘤实验分别检测转染细胞体外增殖速度、体外侵袭力和体内成瘤性。结果RT-PCR结果显示,5637-AS细胞COX-2/磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)mRNA比值(0.65)明显低于5637(0.92)和5637-P细胞(0.90);W estern b lot提示5637-AS细胞COX-2/β-actin比值(0.29)明显低于5637细胞(0.46)和5637-P细胞(0.44)。MTT比色实验显示5637-AS细胞较5637-P、5637细胞生长速度减慢,三者倍增时间分别为3.6 d、2.9 d和2.9 d。体外侵袭实验结果表明,5637-AS侵袭细胞数显著低于5637细胞及5637-P细胞(18.20±5.97比45.40±8.12,18.20±5.97比44.10±6.47,P<0.01)。裸鼠成瘤实验中,5637-P、5637细胞接种裸鼠后第5天肿瘤长出,而5637-AS细胞第7天肿瘤长出;30 d后5637-AS细胞接种组瘤体重量(392.15 mg±33.58 mg)明显小于5637细胞(738.26 mg±66.32 mg),和5637-P细胞接种组(698.53 mg±88.76 mg),P<0.01。结论膀胱癌细胞中COX-2过表达与细胞的恶性表型相关,反义技术抑制COX-2表达可以逆转膀胱癌细胞的恶性表型。     

MRI evaluation of bulky tumor masses in the mesentery and bladder involvement in peritoneal carcinomatosis

AIM: Peritonectomy procedures with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia are an effective but costly treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Consequently a proper selection of patients is necessary. We evaluated the benefit of MRI prior to surgery, in the detection of two of the main surgery contraindications: bulky mesenteric tumors and bladder implants. METHODS: Three experts retrospectively reviewed abdominal and pelvic MRI from 19 cases of surgically proved PC (ovary: 7; colorectal: 7; gastric: 2; pseudomyxoma peritonei: 2; appendix: 1). RESULTS: Mesenteric tumors were always identified as hypersignal masses on axial and coronal fat suppression gadolinium-enhanced T1 images (n=3). Three out of five bladder implants were detected. The two cases of bladder implants that were not detected on MRI were missed because the bladder was not filled. The best sequence for the detection of bladder involvement was axial T2-weighted images with bladder filling. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating the preoperative resectability of PC is crucial for patient management. MRI seems to reliably detect bulky mesenteric tumors and bladder implants on condition the bladder is filled and appropriate sequences are used.     

膀胱小细胞癌诊治体会(附六例报告)

目的　提高对膀胱小细胞癌的认识。　方法　回顾性分析 6例膀胱小细胞癌患者的病理及临床资料。男 4例 ,女 2例 ,平均年龄 5 1岁。其中 2例膀胱小细胞癌含有移行细胞癌和 (或 )腺癌成分。行膀胱部分切除术 2例 ,行膀胱全切术 4例。 5例患者接受 2～ 6疗程化疗。　结果　 6例患者随访 12～ 6 0个月 ,均因肿瘤复发死亡。平均生存时间 2 8个月。　结论　膀胱小细胞癌占原发膀胱恶性肿瘤的 0 .4 4 % ,恶性程度高 ,易发生淋巴结、肝、骨等转移 ,预后差 ,根治性膀胱全切加联合化疗可获得较好疗效。     

膀胱小细胞癌3例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨膀胱小细胞癌(BSCC)的临床特征、病理学特征和诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析3例BSCC的临床资料。3例均为男性,年龄68~82岁,2例有间断无痛性肉眼血尿,1例有尿频尿急。1例B超检查见膀胱内有1.5cm×0.9cm稍强回声区,后伴弱声影,中心回声较低;1例膀胱镜检查见膀胱颈10~12点处有1cm×1cm乳头状突起,无蒂,广基,呈地毯样生长;1例盆腔CT及加强扫描示膀胱内有类圆形团块状影,大小约2.5cm×2.6cm。2例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例行膀胱部分切除术。结果:术后病理检查均报告为膀胱小细胞未分化癌。免疫组织化学结果:嗜铬蛋白颗粒均( ~ ),神经特异烯醇化酶均(-~±),例1突触素(-),例2突触素( ),例3突触素( ~ )。例1术后3年复发,患者拒绝行根治性膀胱全切术,服中药治疗10个月后死亡。例2术后8个月因膀胱小细胞癌转移而死于全身衰竭。例3术后病理检查结果为膀胱移行细胞癌2~3级,部分为小细胞未分化癌,局部伴腺样分化,3个月后复发,行根治性膀胱全切加双侧输尿管皮肤乳头术,术后随访15个月无肿瘤复发。结论:BSCC是一种少见的高度恶性的膀胱肿瘤,诊断主要靠病理学检查,早期即可发生转移,预后较差。行根治性切除术加联合化疗可提高治愈率。     

应用腹直肌前鞘-腹外斜肌腱膜瓣修复先天性膀胱外翻

目的总结先天性膀胱外翻的修复,探讨腹直肌前鞘—腹外斜肌腱膜瓣及肌蒂阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣在修复膀胱外翻中的应用。方法应用腹直肌前鞘—腹外斜肌腱膜形成的前鞘—腱膜瓣加局部皮瓣或同侧肌蒂阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣修复先天性膀胱外翻及腹壁缺损,局部皮瓣修复尿道上裂,肌皮瓣的应用面积最大为10cm×8cm。结果临床应用12例,膀胱外翻及腹壁的修复均达到了良好效果,膀胱括约肌功能基本恢复,二次尿道紧缩后12例均能控制排尿。肌蒂阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣部分坏死2例,游离植皮后痊愈。结论选择性地应用腹直肌前鞘及腹外斜肌腱膜形成前鞘—腱膜瓣加强腹壁,局部皮瓣转移或应用同侧肌蒂阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣转移修复腹壁缺损能有效地修复先天性膀胱外翻,恢复膀胱颈部括约肌的连续性及尿道紧缩,能达到自主控制排尿的目的。     

回结肠代膀胱术临床分析(附25例报告)

目的　探讨回结肠代膀胱术的临床疗效。　方法　对 2 5例膀胱肿瘤患者膀胱全切除术后 ,应用末段回肠及盲升结肠作贮尿囊行正位膀胱重建术。　结果　 2 5例中获随访 2 2例 ,随访时间 6～ 3 4个月 ,平均 19.5个月。患者一般于术后 3周自主可控性排尿 ,日间排尿可控率 91% ,1年夜间尿失禁 2 6%。术后 6个月尿动力学检查膀胱容量 (3 86± 75)ml(2 90～ 550ml)、最大尿流率 (12 .5±2 .2 )ml/s、剩余尿量 (2 6± 11)ml ,充盈期膀胱压力明显低于尿道闭合压。输尿管返流 2例 ,无尿道狭窄、输尿管狭窄 ,无高氯性酸中毒 ,肾功能正常。 1例术后 8个月发生肿瘤多处转移 ,余 2 1例无瘤存活。　结论　回结肠代膀胱术具有膀胱容量大、内压低 ,正位排尿 ,可控性好 ,并发症少等优点 ,患者易于接受 ,是一种较理想的尿流改道方式     

Malignancies following long-term azathioprine treatment in chronic liver disease

ABSTRACT— One hundred and fifty-four patients with histologically verified nonalcoholic chronic liver disease were randomized to azathioprine or prednisone treatment. After a median of 91 months observation time, the cause of death was assessed retrospectively. Autopsy was performed in 82% of 71 deaths. In the azathioprine group 33% (13/39) died from malignant neoplasia, and in the prednisone group (13%) (4/32) (p = 0.08). Considering a possible fatal outcome as a consequence of treatment, this finding urges caution in the long-term application of azathioprine at the usual dose level.