甲肝疾病的调查分析及预防措施

近年来，随着社会的发展、科学的进步，社会人口流动量增大，城市人口相对集中，以及文化、生活习惯的差异，使得传染性疾病呈现上升趋势。为了有效控制传染疾病的发生、发展，为预防控制工作提供一些科学依据，现在对我院3年来的相关病例进行了总结、分析如下。     

溶酶体保护蛋白/组织蛋白酶A基因敲除小鼠听力和耳形态学初步研究

目的研究溶酶体保护蛋白/组织蛋白酶A(protective protein/cathepsin A,PPCA)基因敲除小鼠听功能和耳形态学改变,探讨半乳糖唾液酸沉积症听力损害的病理生理机制。方法应用听性脑干反应(ABR)测试和颞骨连续切片,观察1月和2月龄的PPCA基因敲除纯合子(PPCA-/-)小鼠ABR反应阈和光镜下外耳、中耳及内耳形态改变,并以野生型(PPCA / )小鼠作对照。结果1月龄PPCA-/-小鼠ABR反应阈和耳形态无明显改变;2月龄时,短声和短音8、163、2 kHz反应阈较PPCA / 提高40~45 dB SPL,中耳黏膜增厚、听骨细胞囊泡化、变形和关节腔融合,血管纹增厚、螺旋神经节细胞、螺旋缘纤维细胞、前庭膜、基底膜及沿前庭阶外淋巴隙的间皮细胞囊泡化,但Corti器毛细胞及支持细胞正常。结论溶酶体保护蛋白/组织蛋白酶A缺乏可导致听力损害、中耳及耳蜗形态改变、中耳炎、听骨改变以及耳蜗螺旋神经节、血管纹、螺旋缘、前庭膜和基底膜等细胞的溶酶体储积,可能分别是传导性聋和感觉神经性聋的形成机制。     

INK4A基因及P16蛋白在辐射诱导小鼠白血病模型中的变化

目的 研究INK4A基因及编码的P16蛋白在辐射诱导的小鼠白血病模型中的改变。方法 7.0 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ射线分4次照射BALB/c小鼠建立辐射诱导的小鼠白血病模型; PCR扩增INK4A 基因第1、第2 外显子,检测等位基因纯合性缺失,甲基化敏感酶切PCR 法检测INK4A基因的甲基化发生情况,并应用PCR单链构象多态性分析方法检测碱基突变的发生;Western blot检测P16蛋白含量改变。结果 在21例白血病模型组织中,外显子2缺失5例,4例发生甲基化,有11例蛋白表达明显下降。结论 辐射诱导的小鼠白血病模型发生过程中伴有P16蛋白表达下降, INK4A基因改变以纯合性缺失和甲基化为主。     

Marknagelung bei der Humerusschaftfraktur

Zusammenfassung Die Humerusschaftfraktur ist in 10–18% der Fälle durch primäre Radialisparese kompliziert. Sekundäre Radialisläsionen treten iatrogen bei intramedullären Verfahren in 3%, bei Plattenosteosynthesen in 15,5% auf. In der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Fälle (80%) ist der Radialisschaden rückläufig. Eine Verletzung der A. radialis ist eher selten; sie erfordert ein offenes Vorgehen mit lokaler Revision des Gefäßes und Frakturversorgung mittels Plattenosteosynthese. Die Marknagelosteosynthese ist bei einfachen, komplexen oder pathologischen Schaftfrakturen primär oder als Verfahrenswechsel nach primärer Fixateuranlage indiziert. Während auch ausgewählte Frakturen im Collum chirurgicum mit einem Nagel versorgt werden können, sind Frakturen im distalen Viertel des Humerus ausgeschlossen. Frakturen bei kleinen Kopffragmenten weisen ein erhöhtes Komplikationsrisiko auf. Zur Vermeidung von Läsionen der Rotatorenmanschette stehen wir der anterograden Nagelung noch zurückhaltend gegenüber. Bei differenzierter Indikationsstellung und Nachbehandlung erwies sich die retrograde Marknagelung als ein schonendes Verfahren mit hohem Patientenkomfort und gutem funktionellem Ergebnis.     

Serum IgA and IgG functional antibodies and their subclasses to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular antigen found in two aged‐matched cohorts of children with and without otitis media with effusion

Serum IgA and IgG functional antibodies and their subclasses to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular antigen found in two aged‐matched cohorts of children with and without otitis media with effusion The relationship between acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion (OME) is uncertain and the aetiology of OME is multifactorial. Otitis media with effusion may be an inflammatory condition; both bacteria and viral infections could play a part in this inflammation. The four bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus and Branhamella catarrhalis cause 60% of the infections whereas S. pneumoniae accounts for up to 35%. IgA provides the dominant surface response to polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide antigens, of which IgA₂ is the main subclass. Once the mucosa has been breached, most protection is provided by IgG. IgG₂ acts mainly against bacterial capsular antigens. This study looked at two groups of 50 children with and without OME who were aged between 3 and 10 years. The aims were to determine if, firstly, the levels of the serum immunoglobulins were different in the two groups, secondly whether these children made the appropriate antibody response to the capsular antigen to S. pneumoniae (PCP), and finally if there was a delay in the maturity of the IgA response. The total IgG, IgA and all subclass levels were measured using radial immunodiffusion. Levels of functional IgA and IgG were measured using ELISAs (25 patients in each group). The results were analysed with non‐parametric tests. The immunoglobulin levels were within the normal levels for both groups. There were very good correlations between the IgG total anti‐PCP and the IgG₂ anti‐PCP (R > 0.9, p = 0.001). There was a good correlation between the levels of both IgG total and IgG₂ anti‐PCP against IgA total anti‐PCP in both groups (R > 0.85, p > 0.01). This confirms a normal antibody response between both groups of patients. The ages of the controls and patients (50 samples) were correlated with increasing titres of circulating functional antibodies (P = 0.001). This is highly suggestive of a normal age‐related response. In conclusion, the findings were contradictory to our original hypothesis that there is a subtle difference in surface protection between children with and without OME. We believe that a previous history of recurrent acute otitis media is unrelated to the development of OME after 3 years of age.     

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis with hemophilia A

A 13-year-old boy who had hemophilia A was reported with pain in the left thigh and hip on walking. He had no history of trauma. Severe hemophilia A is diagnosed with a Factor VIII level of <1 iu/dl. The presumptive diagnosis was that of a spontaneous bleed into the hip joint. Factor VIII mutational analysis revealed a C to G substitution at nucleotide 6683 which results in a cystine change at codon 2194. However, the symptoms persisted and an X-ray demonstrated the presence of an acute on chronic slip of the upper femoral epiphysis. The patient was transferred to the center treating his hemophilia where the hip was pinned in situ under cover with Factor VIII. This case demonstrates the need to be aware of a possible traumatic diagnosis of hip pain in a hemophiliac child with a longstanding history of spontaneous bleeding into joints.     

雷帕霉素对炎性反应状态下肾小球系膜细胞内脂质稳态的影响

Objective To investigate the effect of rapamycin on cholesterol homeostasis of glomerular mesangial cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods Glomerular mesangial cell line (HMCL) cells were cultured and divided into control group, IL-1β group and different concentration rapamycin groups. Intracellular cholesterol accumulation was observed and measured by oil O staining and HPLC. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of LDLR, PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1 in HMCL after the treatment with IL-1β and rapamycin. Results Rapamycin had no significant influence on intracellular cholesterol concentration under normal condition. IL-1β significantly increased the intracellular cholesterol concentration by 143％ of control (P<0.05), and 10, 50, 100 ?滋g/L rapamycin could significantly inhibit the effect of IL-1β (87％, 116％, 96％ of control respectively, all P<0.05). Rapamycin could suppress the increased expression of LDLR caused by IL-1β on both mRNA and protein level in a dose-dependent manner（P<0.01）. Rapamycin dose-dependently up-regulated the reduced mRNA and protein expression of ABCA1, the decreased mRNA expression of PPARγ and LXRα induced by IL-1β as well (P<0.01）. Conclusion Rapamycin may contribute to the maintenance of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis in glomerular mesangial cells under inflammatory state by both reducing cholesterol uptake and promoting cholesterol efflux.     

RASSF1A基因表达对人肝癌细胞株QGY-7703生长的影响

目的观察RASSFlA基因的表达对人肝癌细胞株QGY-7703在体内外生长的影响。方法利用已构建成功的稳定表达RASSFlA基因的肝癌细胞株QGY-7703，通过细胞生长曲线、软琼脂集落形成试验、细胞周期的测定和裸鼠致瘤性试验对各稳定表达株的生物学行为进行检测。结果以未转染的QGY-7703为对照，RASSFlA基因的表达可明显抑制肝癌细胞在体外的生长速度，使肝癌细胞周期阻滞在G1／S期，显著降低肝癌细胞在软琼脂中形成的克隆数目（P〈0．01）和大小，显著减慢裸鼠皮下瘤的生长速度和重量（P〈0．01）。空载体的表达对肝癌细胞的生长影响不明显。结论RASSFlA的重表达抑制肝癌细胞在体内外的生长；RASSFlA基因是一个新的肝癌相关的抑癌基因。     

应用羟基荧光素二醋酸琥珀酰亚胺脂探讨新型免疫抑制剂J2作用机制

目的探讨基于CIM立体构型设计的新型免疫抑制剂（J2）在小鼠体内的免疫抑制作用以及其作用机制。方法将羧基荧光素二醋酸琥珀酰亚胺酯（CFSE）标记的C57BL／6（H-2b）小鼠的淋巴细胞4×10^6～6×10^6经尾静脉注入经印钴照射（900拉德）后的DBA／2（H-2d）小鼠体内构建模型。将DBA／2小鼠随机分为5组，每组5只，模型建立后即刻腹腔注射J2，每天1次。对照组注射生理盐水、CsA组注射环孢素A（10mg／kg体重）；实验组J2A组（1mg／kg体重）、J2B组（4mg／kg体重）、J2C组（8mg／kg体重）。给药3d后分组处死DBA／2小鼠取脾制备淋巴细胞，用CD3、CD4、CD8单抗分别标记受检T细胞，FACS流式细胞仪检测CD4^＋T细胞和CD8^＋T细胞在小鼠体内分裂增殖的情况，并检测CD4^＋T细胞的凋亡情况。结果CFSE标记C57BL/6小鼠的脾淋巴细胞着染率大于99％。对照组分裂的CD4^＋T细胞（75．34±1．58）％、分裂的CD8^＋T细胞（83．48±1．25）％明显多于CsA组和实验组（P〈0．01）。J2B组和J2C组分裂的细胞数分别与CsA组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但J2A组多于CsA组（P〈0．05）。对照组CD4^＋T细胞早期凋亡的比例（41．1±3．4）％明显高于其他各组（P〈0．01）。J2A组（35．6±4．1）％、J2B组（24．0±3．7）％和J2C组（13．6±2．3）％CD4^＋T细胞早期凋亡的比例显著高于CsA组（7．4±1．9）％（P〈0．05）。结论J2可能抑制T细胞亚群CD4^＋T细胞的活化，从而进一步抑制CD8^＋T细胞的分裂增殖而具有免疫抑制作用。     

Epidemiological considerations following long-term surveillance of invasive group A streptococcal disease in The Netherlands, 1992–2003

A nationwide laboratory-based surveillance system for invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections was conducted in The Netherlands from March 1992 until December 2003. Until 1996, all isolates submitted were evaluated clinically and demographically. During this period there was a transition from passive to active surveillance for some of the participating laboratories, corresponding to a national coverage of 50%. During active surveillance, participating laboratories submitted twice as many isolates from invasive GAS disease, whereas the relative submission of isolates representing very severe manifestations (toxic shock-like syndrome, fatality) did not increase. From 1997 onwards, invasiveness was defined solely on the basis of source of isolation (without clinical evaluation). During the period of microbiological and clinical evaluation, microbiological evaluation alone was found to be specific (> 99%), but had limited sensitivity (66%). Estimation of the true rate of invasive GAS disease should be based on an active surveillance system with inclusion of both microbiological and clinical data.