沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂对初入高海拔地区青年一氧化氮及其合酶的影响

目的：探讨沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂对初入高海拔地区青年一氧化氮（NO）和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的影响,为预防和治疗急性高原病提供新的措施。方法：将34名受试者随机分为沙美特罗组（n=18）和对照组（n=16）,自海拔1400m历时5天进入5200m,从进入海拔5200m当天开始,沙美特罗组每天早晚各2次吸入沙美特罗替卡松粉1个剂量（沙美特罗50μg,丙酸氟替卡松100μg）,对照组用同样的方法吸入喷完的沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂的空准纳器。第5天清晨空腹采肘静脉血检测一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）指标。结果：沙美特罗组较对照组NO增高,差异显著（P〈0.05）,NOS两组无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：吸入沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂可提高进驻高原者的抗氧化活力,改善高原低氧环境体内氧化与抗氧化之间的平衡紊乱。     

Plasma and placental nitric oxide levels in women with and without pre-eclampsia living at different altitudes

Objective

To investigate the nitric oxide (NO) levels in the plasma and the placentas of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia and women without pre-eclampsia, and to determine the effect of high or low altitude of residence.

Methods

NO was determined by chemoluminescence and group comparisons were performed.

Results

Women with pre-eclampsia (n = 63) had higher plasma NO levels (38.6 ± 17.44 vs 30.6 ± 12.44 µmol/L, P = 0.004) and higher placental NO levels (38.5 ± 17.0 vs 24.3 ± 7.16 ng/mg protein, P < 0.05) compared with women without pre-eclampsia. A similar trend was found when comparisons were made according to altitude of residence. NO levels were significantly higher in the plasma of pre-eclamptic women living at sea level (41.11 ±18.78 vs 28.96 ± 9.57 µmol/L, P = 0.003), and in the placentas of women living at high altitude (39.51 ± 16.98 vs 21.91 ± 6.64 ng/mg protein, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Women with pre-eclampsia had higher plasma and placental NO levels and the differences were associated with altitude of residence.     

雪莲有效成分对高原缺氧小鼠心脑组织 的保护作用

目的：研究大苞雪莲石油醚部位（PESI）及其活性单体成分二十八烷对高原缺氧小鼠大脑和心肌组织的保护作用。方法：将50只BALB/c雄性小鼠随机分为健康对照组、模型对照组、乙酰唑胺组（乙酰唑胺200 mg/kg）、PESI组（PESI 200 mg/kg）和二十八烷组（二十八烷100 mg/kg），每组10只，单次尾静脉注射给药。采用低压低氧动物实验舱模拟海拔6000 m高原环境，减压缺氧8 h。HE染色观察高原缺氧小鼠心肌和脑组织显微结构的变化；采用WST-1法、ABTS法、硫代巴比妥酸法检测小鼠血浆、心肌和脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）和丙二醛含量；采用比色法和微板法检测小鼠血浆、心肌和脑组织中乳酸含量和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性；采用比色法检测小鼠心肌和脑组织中ATP含量和ATP酶活性。结果：PESI和二十八烷均能减轻高原缺氧小鼠心肌和脑组织的病理损伤；增强血浆、心肌和脑组织中SOD活性、T-AOC、LDH活性，降低丙二醛、乳酸含量；增加心肌和脑组织中ATP含量；同时增强心肌组织钠钾ATP酶、镁ATP酶、钙ATP酶、钙镁ATP酶活性，增强脑组织镁ATP酶、钙镁ATP酶活性。结论：PESI及二十八烷均能减轻高原缺氧小鼠心肌和脑组织损伤，提高机体抗氧化能力，减少自由基损伤，促进细胞无氧酵解，缓解缺氧导致的能量缺乏和代谢障碍。     

高原缺氧环境对平原移居大鼠听觉传导和外周听神经髓鞘再生的影响

探讨高原缺氧环境对平原移居大鼠听力的影响，阐明大鼠听觉系统适应缺氧产生听习服的分子机制。     

宇宙辐射电离成分剂量率与高度和纬度的关系

目的为了评估飞行高度与纬度对民航机组人员飞行中所受电离辐射剂量水平的影响。方法在北纬20°－61°的不同航线的11个机场上空以RSS－111高压电离室测量宇宙辐射电离成分的剂量率。结果宇宙辐射电离成分剂量率随飞行高度的增加而呈指数型增大，并随纬度增大而增加；在同一飞行高度，随地磁纬度的增大而呈直线。增加。根据所测数据，许算出我国空域不同经纬度地区上空不同飞行高度分配层的宇宙辐射电离成分剂量率。结论在民航现有航线（从北纬61°到南纬40°）上，按现有的飞行高度分配层（一般在12km以下）飞行，机组人员每年飞行1000h所接受的宇宙辐射剂量要小于国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）建议的20mSv／a（5年平均值）剂量限值。     

海拔5200m重体力劳动45天心肺X线改变及对劳动能力的影响

作者对海拔５２００ｍ从事重体力劳动４５天的４８名青年在劳动前后现场摄取Ｘ线胸片。结果：心脏横径、心脏长径、心脏面积、心胸比率较初入高原时显著缩小（Ｐ〈０．０１）；肺动脉干横径、肺动脉段突度、右肺下动脉横径、右肺下动脉与气管横径比值显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）；升主动脉和主动脉横径、胸宽和肺面积增加或显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）。其中２例诊断为高原性心脏病，３例诊断为高原性肺水肿。在海拔５２０     

体液免疫反应在高原肺水肿发病机理中所起作用的研究

为了探讨体液免疫反应在高原肺水肿（HAPE）的发病机理中是否起作用，我们用单项免疫扩散定量测定法对49例患者血清及其中8例的肺泡灌洗液中免疫球蛋白（IgG、IgA、IgM）与补作（C3、C4、C5、C9）含量进行测定，并用荧光比色法测定其中8例的血浆与肺泡灌洗液中组胺与5—羟色胺（5－HT）含量。结果：HAPE患者血清与肺泡灌洗液中IgG，IgM,C3，C4，以及血浆与肺泡灌洗液中组胺含量均显著增高（P＜0．01），C5、C9增高（P＜0．05），治愈后，血液中上述物质均降至对照组水平（P＞0．05），肺泡灌洗液未复查。提示：体液免疫反应在HAPE的发病机理中有非常重要的作用。鉴于HAPE在体液免疫反应参与下的发病机理与Ⅲ型超敏反应的发病机理相同，我们认为，HAPE可能为超敏反应Ⅲ型疾病的肺部表现，但尚须深入研究确定。     

小儿高原性心脏病与房间隔缺损的鉴别诊断研究

高原地区小儿房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）发病率最高，临床表现也高原性心脏病（ＨＡＨＤ）相似，本文对３６例ＡＳＤ与３２例ＨＡＨＤ患儿的体征，ＥＣＧ，２ＤＵＣＧ，ＰＷＤ血流显像，Ｘ光胸片共２０项指标进行分析发现，极有鉴别意义的指标为Ｐ２固定分裂，右下肺动脉宽度，肺动脉峰值流速，肺静脉血流频谱形态和峰值流速。     

Altitude-related illness

There are a number of conditions which can be grouped together as ARI. Many represent potentially fatal pathophysiological states that are rapidly reversible if identified and treated properly. Physiological alterations that result from the hypobaric hypoxia of altitude include cerebral vasodilatation, altered ventilatory patterns, pulmonary vasoconstriction, decreased cardiac output, and altered fluid and electrolyte balance. The various altitude-related illnesses represent a spectrum of conditions with overlapping presentations. The symptoms of AMS and HACE represent a continuum of disease that appears to be related to alterations in cerebrovascular autoregulation. High-altitude retinal hemorrhage may be related to similar vascular events in the retinal circulation. Although the etiology of HAPE remains unclear, it is likely that alterations of pulmonary vascular tone and flow play an important roles in its production. Knowledge regarding ARI is important in planning prophylaxis and instituting therapy. Gradual ascent and acclimatization are the mainstays of prophylaxis. Pharmacological prophylaxis is available for those who are prone to severe AMS. Prompt recognition, descent, and administration of oxygen constitute the major therapies for severe ARI. The ability to perform these three tasks can rapidly reverse a potentially fatal illness.