复曲面人工晶状体个体化模型眼成像质量的优化

背景 复曲面人工晶状体(IOL)植入术后术眼的视觉质量受陡峭轴和平坦轴放大率的差异、散光残留及角膜个体球差等因素的影响,通过矫正复曲面IOL的球差是否能有效提高其对患者个体的成像质量是值得研究的问题. 目的 采集患者眼部解剖参数,利用Zemax光学设计软件建立个体化模型眼,研究不同球差的Toric IOL植入后的视觉质量,即不同空间频率的对比敏感度(CSF).方法 采用前瞻性研究设计.连续纳入2012年8月至2013年10月于河北医科大学第二医院眼科拟行白内障超声乳化手术的白内障患者45例45眼,应用Pentacam测量患眼角膜地形图参数,包括角膜前后表面高度、角膜厚度、角膜前表面散光平坦轴和陡峭轴曲率半径、屈光度以及角膜后表面曲率半径,然后应用Matlab 4.5数学计算软件并使用Toric面型公式1描述角膜散光,用非球面状态设置角膜前表面散光模型和角膜后表面模型,根据Holladay Ⅰ公式计算Toric IOL在眼中的有效位置,采用Zemax光学设计软件构建个体化模型眼.根据调制传递函数神经传递函数值分别测定强光环境(300 Td)下瞳孔直径为3 mm以及暗光环境(0.3～1.0Td)下瞳孔直径为5 mm时不同球面Toric IOL在各空间频率的对比敏感度(CSF). 结果 个体化模型眼与受检眼Pentacam测定的角膜散光度分别为(1.51±0.36)D和(1.49±0.37)D,散光轴向分别为(101.5±59.8)°和(101.9±58.5)°,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.886、0.652,均P＞0.05);Bland-Ahman检验显示个体化模型眼与受检眼Pentacam测定的角膜散光度和轴向具有较好的一致性.强光和暗光环境下非球面不同球差Toric IOL模型眼在1.5、3.0、6.0、12.0和18.0 c/d空间频率条件下LogCSF值均高于球面IOL模型眼,非球面球差为-0.13 μm和-0.26 μm Toric IOL模型眼在各空间频率条件下LogCSF值均明显高于0μm球差Toric IOL模型眼,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜O.05).结论 本研究中依据白内障患者眼部解剖参数,利用Zemax光学设计软件成功建立了精确的个体化角膜散光模型,表明非球面Toric IOL能消除角膜球差,提高模型眼的视觉质量.     

Image Coregistration: Quantitative Processing Framework for the Assessment of Brain Lesions

The quantitative, multiparametric assessment of brain lesions requires coregistering different parameters derived from MRI sequences. This will be followed by analysis of the voxel values of the ROI within the sequences and calculated parametric maps, and deriving multiparametric models to classify imaging data. There is a need for an intuitive, automated quantitative processing framework that is generalized and adaptable to different clinical and research questions. As such flexible frameworks have not been previously described, we proceeded to construct a quantitative post-processing framework with commonly available software components. Matlab was chosen as the programming/integration environment, and SPM was chosen as the coregistration component. Matlab routines were created to extract and concatenate the coregistration transforms, take the coregistered MRI sequences as inputs to the process, allow specification of the ROI, and store the voxel values to the database for statistical analysis. The functionality of the framework was validated using brain tumor MRI cases. The implementation of this quantitative post-processing framework enables intuitive creation of multiple parameters for each voxel, facilitating near real-time in-depth voxel-wise analysis. Our initial empirical evaluation of the framework is an increased usage of analysis requiring post-processing and increased number of simultaneous research activities by clinicians and researchers with non-technical backgrounds. We show that common software components can be utilized to implement an intuitive real-time quantitative post-processing framework, resulting in improved scalability and increased adoption of post-processing needed to answer important diagnostic questions.     

Predictive Model for Differential Diagnosis of Inflammatory Papular Dermatoses of the Face

BackgroundThe clinical features of inflammatory papular dermatoses of the face are very similar. Their clinical manifestations have been described on the basis of a small number of case reports and are not specific.ObjectiveThis study aimed to use computer-aided image analysis (CAIA) to compare the clinical features and parameters of inflammatory papular dermatoses of the face and to develop a formalized diagnostic algorithm based on the significant findings.MethodsThe study included clinicopathologically confirmed inflammatory papular dermatoses of the face: 8 cases of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF), 13 of granulomatous periorificial dermatitis-lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei (GPD-LMDF) complex, 41 of granulomatous rosacea-papulopustular rosacea complex (GR-PPR) complex, and 4 of folliculitis. Clinical features were evaluated, and area density of papular lesions was quantitatively measured with CAIA. Based on these variables, we developed a predictive model for differential diagnosis using classification and regression tree analysis.Results The EPF group showed lesion asymmetry and annular clusters of papules in all cases. The GPD-LMDF complex group had significantly higher periocular density. The GR-PPR complex group showed a higher area density of unilateral cheek papules and the highest total area density. According to the predictive model, 3 variables were used for differential diagnosis of the 4 disease groups, and each group was diagnosed with a predicted probability of 67%~100%.ConclusionWe statistically confirmed the distinct clinical features of inflammatory papular dermatoses of the face and proposed a diagnostic algorithm for clinical diagnosis.     

Surgical management of the odontogenic keratocyst: A 20-year experience

The objective of this study was to describe the authors’ long-term experience with the management of odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs). All OKC cases treated at the study centre between 1999 and 2015, with a minimum of 5 years of follow-up by December 2019, were reviewed retrospectively. Operative procedures including decompression/marsupialization, enucleation (E), E + Carnoy’s solution (CS), E + CS + peripheral ostectomy (PO), and resection were assessed for complete resolution, partial resolution, and recurrence rates. In the parakeratinized non-syndromic group, E + CS + PO resulted in the lowest recurrence rate among the minimally invasive procedures (4.3%), while enucleation resulted in the highest rate (60%). Regarding the other modalities, recurrence was 12.5% for decompression, 11.5% for marsupialization, 16.7% for E + CS, 26.7% for E + PO, and 0% for resection. In the syndromic group, marsupialization resulted in a significantly higher recurrence (23.1%), while E + CS + PO cases showed no recurrence. No recurrence was observed in the orthokeratinized group patients treated with marsupialization or with E + CS. Based on clinico-radiographic features and observed results, it is concluded that OKC, although having a high recurrence rate, is a benign lesion and responds well to conservative procedures in most cases. Radical procedures should be reserved for unresponsive lesions and those with extensive tissue destruction.     

Nucleic acid testing by public health referral laboratories for public health laboratories using the U.S. HIV diagnostic testing algorithm

BackgroundMany public health laboratories adopting the U.S. HIV laboratory testing algorithm do not have a nucleic acid test (NAT), which is needed when the third- or fourth-generation HIV screening immunoassay is reactive and the antibody-based supplemental test is non-reactive or indeterminate.ObjectivesAmong public health laboratories utilizing public health referral laboratories for NAT conducted as part of the algorithm, we evaluated the percentage of screening immunoassays needing NAT, the number of specimens not meeting APTIMA (NAT) specifications, time to APTIMA result, the proportion of acute infections (i.e., reactive APTIMA) among total infections, and screening immunoassay specificity.Study designFrom August 2012 to April 2013, 22 laboratories enrolled to receive free APTIMA (NAT) at New York or Florida public health referral laboratories. Data were analyzed for testing conducted until June 2013.ResultsSubmitting laboratories conducted a median of 4778 screening immunoassays; 0–1.3% (median 0.2%) needed NAT. Of 140 specimens received, 9 (6.4%) did not meet NAT specifications. The median time from specimen collection to reporting the 11 reactive NAT results was ten days, including six days from receipt in the submitting laboratory to shipment to the referral laboratory. Acute infections ranged from 0 to 12.5% (median 0%) of total infections. Third- and fourth-generation immunoassays met package insert specificity values.ConclusionsPublic health referral laboratories provide a feasible option for conducting NAT. Reducing the time from specimen collection to submission of specimens for NAT is an important step toward maximizing the public health impact of identifying acute infections.     

CKD-EPI方程估算中国慢性肾脏病患者肾小球滤过率的适用性评价

目的评价慢性肾脏病流行病合作工作组(the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration,CKD-EPI)方程是否比简化肾脏病饮食调整工作组(the modification of diet in renal disease study,MDRD)方程和中国改良简化MDRD方程更适合估算中国慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtrationrate,GFR)。方法收集2009年9月～2012年6月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院住院的304例CKD患者纳入本研究,收集患者的一般人口特征、临床资料、血浆肌酐值和99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像资料。以99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像法所测肾小球滤过率(rGFR)为GFR的金标准,用CKD-EPI方程、简化MDRD方程和中国改良简化MDRD方程估算肾小球滤过率分别为cGFR、mGFR和c-aGFR,比较3方程的估计偏差、精确性、准确性和一致性。结果与中国改良简化MDRD方程相比,CKD-EPI方程降低了估测偏差中位数,提高了精确性、一致性及15%、30%和50%准确性。与简化MDRD方程相比,CKD-EPI估计值提高了30%和50%准确性。结论 CKD-EPI方程可能比简化MDRD方程和中国改良简化MDRD方程更适用于评估中国CKD患者GFR。     

Impact of data fragmentation across healthcare centers on the accuracy of a high-throughput clinical phenotyping algorithm for specifying subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective

To evaluate data fragmentation across healthcare centers with regard to the accuracy of a high-throughput clinical phenotyping (HTCP) algorithm developed to differentiate (1) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and (2) patients with no diabetes.

Materials and methods

This population-based study identified all Olmsted County, Minnesota residents in 2007. We used provider-linked electronic medical record data from the two healthcare centers that provide >95% of all care to County residents (ie, Olmsted Medical Center and Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, USA). Subjects were limited to residents with one or more encounter January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2007 at both healthcare centers. DM-relevant data on diagnoses, laboratory results, and medication from both centers were obtained during this period. The algorithm was first executed using data from both centers (ie, the gold standard) and then from Mayo Clinic alone. Positive predictive values and false-negative rates were calculated, and the McNemar test was used to compare categorization when data from the Mayo Clinic alone were used with the gold standard. Age and sex were compared between true-positive and false-negative subjects with T2DM. Statistical significance was accepted as p<0.05.

Results

With data from both medical centers, 765 subjects with T2DM (4256 non-DM subjects) were identified. When single-center data were used, 252 T2DM subjects (1573 non-DM subjects) were missed; an additional false-positive 27 T2DM subjects (215 non-DM subjects) were identified. The positive predictive values and false-negative rates were 95.0% (513/540) and 32.9% (252/765), respectively, for T2DM subjects and 92.6% (2683/2898) and 37.0% (1573/4256), respectively, for non-DM subjects. Age and sex distribution differed between true-positive (mean age 62.1; 45% female) and false-negative (mean age 65.0; 56.0% female) T2DM subjects.

Conclusion

The findings show that application of an HTCP algorithm using data from a single medical center contributes to misclassification. These findings should be considered carefully by researchers when developing and executing HTCP algorithms.     

Parameter Estimation for Linear Compartmental Models—A Sensitivity Analysis Approach

Linear compartmental models are useful, explanatory tools, that have been widely used to represent the dynamic behavior of complex biological systems. This paper addresses the problem of the numerical identification of such models, i.e., the estimation of the parameter values that will generate predictions closest to experimental observations. Traditional local optimization techniques find it difficult to arrive at satisfactory solutions to such a parameter estimation problem, especially when the number of parameters is large and/or few data are available from experiments. We present herewith a method based on a prior sensitivity analysis, which enables division of a large optimization problem into several smaller and simpler subproblems, on which only sensitive parameters are estimated, before the whole optimization problem is tackled from starting points that are already close to the optimum values. This method has been applied successfully to a linear 13-compartment, 21-parameter model describing the postprandial metabolism of dietary nitrogen in humans. The effectiveness of the method has been demonstrated using simulated and real data obtained in the intestine, blood and urine of healthy humans after the ingestion of a [¹⁵N]-labeled protein meal.     

Distinguishing benign from malignant pelvic mass utilizing an algorithm with HE4, menopausal status,and ultrasound findings

Objective

The purpose of this study was to develop a risk prediction score for distinguishing benign ovarian mass from malignant tumors using CA-125, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), ultrasound findings, and menopausal status. The risk prediction score was compared to the risk of malignancy index and risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA).

Methods

This was a prospective, multicenter (n=6) study with patients from six Asian countries. Patients had a pelvic mass upon imaging and were scheduled to undergo surgery. Serum CA-125 and HE4 were measured on preoperative samples, and ultrasound findings were recorded. Regression analysis was performed and a risk prediction model was developed based on the significant factors. A bootstrap technique was applied to assess the validity of the HE4 model.

Results

A total of 414 women with a pelvic mass were enrolled in the study, of which 328 had documented ultrasound findings. The risk prediction model that contained HE4, menopausal status, and ultrasound findings exhibited the best performance compared to models with CA-125 alone, or a combination of CA-125 and HE4. This model classified 77.2% of women with ovarian cancer as medium or high risk, and 86% of women with benign disease as very-low, low, or medium-low risk. This model exhibited better sensitivity than ROMA, but ROMA exhibited better specificity. Both models performed better than CA-125 alone.

Conclusion

Combining ultrasound with HE4 can improve the sensitivity for detecting ovarian cancer compared to other algorithms.