人工气管重建气道的进展

气管病变行手术切除治疗存在超限切除后直接吻合困难等问题，人工气管作为替代物以重建气道是解决这一问题的有效方法。寻求理想的人工气管则成了国内外研究的重点，近年来的实验研究在人工气管的材料选用，吻合技术等方面取得了很大进展，为临床应用提供了广阔前景。     

纤维支气管镜下诊断的原发性气管肿瘤20例临床分析

目的：通过分析20例原发性气管肿瘤的临床和纤维支气管镜下的表现，引起临床医师的重视，提高诊断率，避免误诊误治。方法：所有病例均采用日本生产的Olympus纤维支气管镜及光学显象系统，对气管、支气管进行常规检查，根据需要进行活俭和刷检。结果：20例中16例确诊为恶性肿瘤，4例确诊为良性肿瘤。结论：纤维支气管镜检查及活检是目前诊断原发性气管肿瘤的重要方法。     

直接气管内吸痰在婴幼儿心脏术后预防肺不张的应用

肺不张是婴幼儿心脏术常见的并发症,婴幼儿不能有效的咳嗽及排痰,使痰液积聚在气管及支气管内,造成呼吸道阻塞,形成肺不张。应用直接气管内吸痰可有效清除痰液,保持呼吸道通畅,预防肺不张的发生。我科在临床通过对35例术后婴幼儿实施此项护理并配以拍背、雾化吸氧等均得到满意疗效。本文主要介绍了直接气管内吸痰的方法、适应症及护理要点。     

沐舒坦、爱喘乐持续气道湿化在颅脑损伤气管切开患者中的应用

目的探讨湿化气道的有效方法，以保证呼吸道通畅，降低脑损伤气管切开后呼吸道并发症。方法将82例颅脑损伤气管切开后患者随机分为2组，实验组采用沐舒坦、爱喘乐加入生理盐水持续气道内滴注，对照组采用传统方法（庆大霉素、糜蛋白酶、地塞米松加入生理盐水）持续气道内滴注，比较2种方法湿化气道的效果。结果沐舒坦、爱喘乐持续气道湿化在湿化程度、预防刺激性咳嗽、气道黏膜出血和肺部感染方面显著优于传统方法（P〈0．05）。结论沫舒坦、爱喘乐持续气道涅化法优于传统方法，能达到满意湿化，减少气道并发症的发生。     

56例小儿气管异物临床急救与护理

气管、支气管异物是耳鼻咽喉科常见急诊.临床上处理不及时或不当可造成呼吸道梗阻,引起急性窒息和突然死亡.及时准确的判断、处理至关重要.现将我科2000年1月～2006年12月收治56例小儿气管异物的急救与护理报告如下.     

Tissue‐engineered trachea from a 3D‐printed scaffold enhances whole‐segment tracheal repair in a goat model

Traditional treatment therapies for tracheal stenosis often cause severe post‐operative complications. To solve the current difficulties, novel and more suitable long‐term treatments are needed. A whole‐segment tissue‐engineered trachea (TET) representing the native goat trachea was 3D printed using a poly(caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold engineered with autologous auricular cartilage cells. The TET underwent mechanical analysis followed by in vivo implantations in order to evaluate the clinical feasibility and potential. The 3D‐printed scaffolds were successfully cellularized, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical force compression studies revealed that both PCL scaffolds and TETs have a more robust compressive strength than does the native trachea. In vivo implantation of TETs in the experimental group resulted in significantly higher mean post‐operative survival times, 65.00 ± 24.01 days (n = 5), when compared with the control group, which received autologous trachea grafts, 17.60 ± 3.51 days (n = 5). Although tracheal narrowing was confirmed by bronchoscopy and computed tomography examination in the experimental group, tissue necrosis was only observed in the control group. Furthermore, an encouraging epithelial‐like tissue formation was observed in the TETs after transplantation. This large animal study provides potential preclinical evidence around the employment of an orthotopic transplantation of a whole 3D‐printed TET.     

上胸椎椎弓根螺钉钉道与椎前重要结构解剖位置的CT评价

背景：上胸椎周围结构复杂,椎弓根横径相对较小,椎体前方存在重要组织脏器,螺钉偏离轴线或螺钉过长,置钉的安全性和有效性得不到保障,有必要对其周围重要结构做一了解。目的：分析上胸椎椎弓根螺钉轴线与椎体前重要毗邻结构的解剖位置关系。方法：对30例健康成人志愿者进行T 1-T 4平行椎弓根轴线CT扫描,观察椎弓根螺钉沿椎弓根轴线置入时椎体前方食管、气管、主动脉弓、颈动脉、椎动脉等结构的位置,测量每一椎体两侧椎弓根轴线与这些结构的最短距离。采用配对t检验进行分析。结果与结论：共240个测量参数被分析,T 1-3左侧椎弓根轴线与食管距离小,T2左侧椎弓根最小;T2-4右侧椎弓根轴线与气管距离小;T3,T4右侧椎弓根轴线与右主支气管距离小;颈动脉和椎动脉无损伤的危险性。62%的患者主动脉弓在T4平面,且无损伤危险性。提示左侧椎弓根螺钉易损伤食管,右侧椎弓根易损伤气管,颈动脉、椎动脉和主动脉弓不易损伤。上胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入前仔细分析CT数据可以确定易损伤结构的解剖位置。     

Spontaneous Tracheal Rupture: A Case Report

Background

Upper-airway disruption is a rare but potentially life-threatening phenomenon. It can occur spontaneously, be due to trauma, or be iatrogenically induced. Even more rare are such events reported in the pediatric population.

Objective

This article discusses the presentation, diagnostic difficulties, and management of spontaneous tracheal rupture in a child.

Case Report

A 3-year-old boy was brought by emergency medical services to our emergency department with a presumptive diagnosis of anaphylaxis. With progressive swelling and respiratory distress, the patient quickly deteriorated. He received i.v. epinephrine, chest compressions, and bag-valve mask ventilation. He was intubated without difficulty and with no noted airway edema. Concomitant bilateral needle thoracostomies were performed and subsequent bilateral tube thoracostomies were placed. Immediately after intubation and chest tube placements, the patient's oxygen saturations and heart rate improved. Bronchoscopy failed to demonstrate any evident pathology. However, computed tomography scan revealed a defect in the posterior wall of the trachea proximal to the termination of the endotracheal tube. Cardiothoracic surgery was consulted and performed a primary repair of the tracheal defect. The patient was extubated soon after surgery, and he was discharged home neurologically intact.

Conclusions

The initial presentation of spontaneous tracheal rupture can be misleading and difficult to diagnose. After resuscitation, stabilization, and diagnosis, both surgical repair and nonoperative management have been reported as successful treatment measures for tracheal disruption.     

Esophageal dysmotility: characterization and pathophysiology

Esophageal dysmotility is a considerable long‐term issue in patients born with esophageal atresia (EA). To better characterize it, the normal esophageal motility is briefly reviewed with emphasis on the specific defects in EA. Multiple studies attempted to describe the dysmotility seen in patients with operated EA using esophageal manometry. Recently, high‐resolution manometry has improved our understanding of normal esophageal motility. Using this new technology, it is now possible to better characterize the esophageal motility of patients operated on for EA. Three different patterns are described and presented: aperistalsis, pressurization, and distal peristalsis. Up to now, it has not been possible to find a correlation between the dysmotility severity and the patient's symptomatology. Different pathophysiological hypotheses of esophageal dysmotility in that population are discussed. Developmental neuronal defects are certainly present from the beginning. Surgical trauma can also contribute to the dysmotility. Finally, defective esophageal acid clearance capacity is a cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease, but the resultant esophagitis can also impair the normal esophageal function. The evolution of esophageal dysmotility in patients with repaired EA is not known and further studies will be necessary to clarify it.