Thrombotic occlusion of the common carotid artery (CCA) in acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Although common carotid artery (CCA) occlusions are rare, acute clinical presentations vary from mild to devastating strokes primarily due to tandem occlusions in the intracranial arteries. Three patients with acute CCA occlusions were treated with systemic tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). Blood pressures were kept at the upper limits allowed with TPA therapy with fluid balance and the 'head-down' position. Recanalization occurred in intracranial vessels only. Marked early neurological improvement occurred in two of three patients. CCA occlusions should not be considered contra-indication to systemic thrombolysis.     

Alberta早期CT评分的临床应用

超早期溶栓被公认为脑血栓形成最有效的治疗手段，但是，什么样的患者最适合溶栓治疗，目前还没有一种公认的标准。有学者提出用一种基于CT早期缺血性改变的半定量方法——Alberta早期CT评分（ASPECTS）来选择适合溶栓治疗的患者。ASPECTS是一种仅适用于评价大脑中动脉（MCA）供血区缺血改变的量表，其总分为10分。ASPECTS=10分提示MCA供血区无早期缺血征象，ASPECTS=0分表示MCA供血区广泛缺血，提示MCA主干闭塞。多数学者认为，ASPECTS〉7分的患者是溶栓治疗的最佳候选者，而当ASPECTS≤7分时，溶栓治疗不但不能改善症状，反而会增高颅内出血的风险。然而，对ASPECTS的溶栓治疗选择标准仍然存在一些不同的看法，文章就ASPECTS的具体操作及其在临床实践中的应用进行了综述。     

导管直接溶栓治疗犬股静脉急性深静脉血栓后静脉壁形态学的变化

目的　比较导管直接溶栓 (catheter -directedthrombolysis,CDT)和系统性溶栓 (systemicthrombolysis ,ST)治疗急性深静脉血栓形成后的静脉壁形态学变化及近期疗效。方法　 2 0只成年杂种犬通过结扎双侧股静脉远近端制作急性深静脉血栓模型。 4 8h后松开结扎线 ,DSA造影证实血栓形成。将模型犬随机分成CDT组 10只和ST组 10只。CDT组经股静脉插入多个侧孔的溶栓导管 ,经导管用微泵以 8ml/h的速度滴入重组链激酶 (re combinantstreptokinase ,r sk) (15 0 0 0U/kg ,溶于 5 0mlNS中 )每 2h取血测定PT、APTT ,并造影观察溶栓进展。ST组从膝下外周静脉滴入r sk用量同前。结束后造影观察溶栓效果。术后 1d从各组随机抽取 5只获取标本 ,余下的 4周后再次造影观察静脉通畅度 ,并获取标本。HE染色观察静脉是否通畅 ,是否有附壁血栓 ;Masson三色染色观察胶原纤维沉积情况 ;免疫组化染色观察平滑肌肌动蛋白表达情况 ;扫描电镜观察内皮细胞损伤程度。结果　CDT组在 6h内均能完全溶解血栓 ,血栓溶解率为 10 0 % ,而ST组仅为 2 0 % ,二者相比 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;PT、APTT未见明显延长 ;CDT组 1d和 4周时均未见附壁血栓 ,而ST组可见有附壁血栓 ;术后 1d两组间胶原纤维染色面积和平滑肌肌动蛋白表达面积无明显     

Targeted Thrombolytic Therapy

Venous and arterial thrombosis are closely related to many severe diseases, especially to cardiovascular and cerebrovasular disorders. Thrombolytic therapy has been proven to be an effective method to treat such disease, which decreased the mortality and morbidity greatly.     

急性脑梗死选择性动脉溶栓治疗与护理

综述了急性脑梗死选择性动脉溶栓治疗与护理,详细介绍了脑梗死的发病机理、溶栓时机、适应证、介入治疗方法及护理.     

小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗老年高龄急性心肌梗死65例临床观察

目的尝试用小剂量尿激酶治疗老年高龄急性心肌梗死,旨在使老年高龄患者亦从溶栓治疗中获益.方法采用WHO关于急性心肌梗死(AMI)的诊断标准,收治老年高龄患者65例.随机分为两组,溶栓组31例,给予小剂量尿激酶(50×104U)30min 静脉滴入;并与非溶栓组34例对照观察.结果溶栓组冠脉再通率、五周病死率、休克、心衰分别为54.8%、6.4%、3.2%、9.7%;而对照组分别为14.7%、23.5%、26.5%:41.2%,有明显差异(P<0.01).结论有条件的基层医院依然有可能实施小剂量尿激酶对老年高龄患者的溶栓治疗,且可挽救更多老年高龄患者的生命.     

急性心肌梗塞患者溶栓治疗后内皮素水平变化的观察

目的：探讨急性心肌梗塞患者溶栓治疗后内皮素变化规律，以及溶栓后冠状动脉（冠脉）再通与未通者ＥＴ变化的异同。方法：应用放免技术和酶法分别测定了ＡＭＩ常规治疗组（２１例）和溶栓组（１９例）患者梗塞后ＥＴ和肌酸激酶同功酶（ＣＫ－ＭＢ）的动态变化。     

高龄急性脑梗死患者阿替普酶静脉溶栓有效性、安全性及预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨高龄急性脑梗死患者接受阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗有效性、安全性和临床预后的影响
因素。
方法 前瞻性连续纳入江苏省苏北人民医院2016年9月-2018年9月收治入院进行阿替普酶静脉溶
栓治疗的急性脑梗死患者，按照年龄将患者分为年龄≥80岁组和年龄＜80岁组。比较两组患者入院
时、溶栓24 h NIHSS评分，6个月mRS评分及死亡率，观察两组溶栓相关出血转化、症状性颅内出血及
肺部感染的发生情况。应用多因素Logistic回归分析观察所有患者静脉溶栓预后的独立影响因素。
结果 最终共纳入患者119例，男性69例（58.0%），年龄范围46～94岁，平均70.12±10.55岁，入院
NIHSS评分4～38分。其中年龄≥80岁患者29例，年龄＜80岁患者90例。静脉溶栓后，两组患者溶栓
24 h NIHSS评分较入院时均明显降低（均P＜0.05），两组治疗24 h NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义；
两组的出血转化、症状性颅内出血、肺部感染、6个月预后良好及死亡率比较，差异均无统计学意义。
多因素Logistic回归分析显示，入院到静脉溶栓时间、入院时NIHSS评分及肺部感染是脑梗死静脉溶
栓6个月预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05），高龄不是影响预后的因素（P＞0.05）。
结论 高龄急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓治疗安全有效，未增加颅内出血转化风险、死亡率及不良预
后。入院到静脉溶栓时间、入院时NIHSS评分及肺部感染是急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓6个月预后不良
的独立危险因素。     

Experimental studies on preventive effects of API0134 on vessel reocclusion after thrombolysis

Summary 24 model rabbits with femoral arterial thrombosis were divided into two grocps: the treatment group consisting of 12 rabbits which received API₀₁₃₄. and the control group composed of another 12 rabbits. 2 hours after recanalization by urokinase thrombolysis, reocilusion occurred only in 1/12 vessel (8%) with incomplete occlusion in the treated group, but in 8/12 (67%) with complete occlusion in the control group as assessed by angiograsphy. Pathological examination of specimen taken 24 hours after thrombolysis showed that 6/12 (50%) of the treated group gave the evidence of thrombus occlusion, and milder intimai injury and less adhered blood cells than in the control group, 83% of which had thrombus occlusion. In comparision with the control group, the function of platelet in the treated group demonstrated lower platelet aggregation rate (PAgR) and plasma thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) level, higher prostacyclin (PGI₂) and plasminogen activator (PA) activity as well as lower plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity. From the above it may be concluded that the preventive effect of API₀₁₃₄ on reocclusion might be due to inhibition of platelets aggregation and promotion of fibrinolysis.     

Different cytokine levels in thrombolysis patients as predictors for clinical outcome

Thrombolytic therapy not always improves clinical outcome in ischemic stroke patients. This could cause lymphomonocyte accumulation in the infarcted brain area. These produce an excessive amount of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alfa. The aim of our study was to determine ILs levels in fibrinolytic therapy treated patients, compared with healthy controls and to evaluate if the varying levels can predictors of neurological outcome. Eighteen patients underwent thrombolytic treatment with t-PA within 3 h. Plasma levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alfa and IL-10 were determined by ELISA method before and within 24 h after t-PA infusion and compared with controls. Significantly higher levels of IL-1 beta and Il-6 emerged in stroke patients before treatment compared with the control group (P < 0.05 and 0.04, respectively). Slightly higher plasma levels of TNF-alfa and lower plasma levels of IL-10 were also found at base line in stroke patients. After thrombolytic treatment no significant variations were observed in the levels of TNF-alfa and IL-6, whereas a trend toward lower values for IL-1 beta and higher levels for IL-10 was observed. Positive correlations among the values of IL-6, TNF-alfa and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at discharges were observed. A similar correlation with modified Rankin scale score at 3 month was found. Pre-treatment cytokine status seems to influence pre-and long-term clinical outcome. Therefore an investigation into the possible predictor of cytokines seem worthy.