Area 3a in the cat. I. A reevaluation of its location and architecture on the basis of Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome oxidase staining.

Current knowledge on the anatomy of area 3a of the cat mainly derives from the cyto- and myeloarchitectonic study of Hassler and Muhs-Clement (J Hirnforsch 6:377, 1964). Previous investigations in the cat had failed to identify a cortical region comparable to monkey's area 3a. In the present study, Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome oxidase staining techniques were applied to coronal and sagittal serial sections of the cat brain. Area 3a appears as a slender band of cortex between areas 4 and 3b, and in Nissl-stained sections it is mainly characterized by an attenuated granular layer IV, overlying a thin layer V with pyramidal cells of various sizes, including a few large ones. These cytoarchitectonic features are sufficient to differentiate area 3a from neighboring areas, although the borders between them are not sharp in many cases. After the Nissl staining, the acetylcholinesterase staining proved to be the most helpful in defining the structure and borders of area 3a. Acetylcholinesterase staining was dense in layer I (in contrast with a lighter staining of outer layer I in area 4), and light in layers II and IIIa, changing to moderate in IIIc and IV (a pattern which is accentuated in area 3b). Myelin and cytochrome oxidase techniques also yielded differential staining patterns of area 3a and neighboring areas 4 and 3b, although the borders were not easily drawn with these techniques. Whereas our cyto- and myeloarchitectonic findings were comparable to those of Hassler and Muhs-Clement ('64) and applied well to area 3a in the convexity of the hemisphere, we found that most of the area 3a described by these authors in the medial face of the hemisphere had a number of distinguishing architectonic (as well as connectional and physiological) features which enabled us to define it as a separate area (7m). The techniques we used to delineate area 3a are compatible with most current procedures of histo- and immunohistochemical staining of the brain, and may also provide valuable supporting data for electrophysiological studies.     

A definition and systems view of anaerobic capacity

The purpose of this paper is both to define terms used in exercise physiology, i.e. anaerobic capacity, anaerobic work capacity and anaerobic potential, and develop a systems perspective of anaerobic capacity. Philosophical argument is used to support the proposed definitions and systems view, which is an approach to assist in the universal acceptance of such terms amongst scientific investigators, coaches and athletes, and provide a focus on physiological mechanisms associated with anaerobic capacity which may be the subject of future investigation.     

Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Physical Training in Type II (Non-insulin-dependent) Diabetes Mellitus

Seven middle-aged men with manifest type II diabetes mellitus underwent an endurance training programme for 10–15 weeks. The maximal aerobic capacity, as well as the endurance capacity, was improved by 10% (p<0.05). The intramuscular glycogen store increased by more than 80% (p<0.05) from 350 μmol/g dw (dry weight), and the activities of citrate synthase and 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased by more than 50% (p<0.05) and 30% (p<0.05). The activity of glycogen synthase was decreased by approximately 20% (p<0.05), whereas lactate dehydrogenase remained unchanged. Capillaries/fibre and fibre area increased by more than 50% (p<0.05) and 30% (p<0.05) leaving the area of supply constant. Training did not influence fasting blood lipids and glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin response to an oral glucose load measured 72 hours post-exercise. It is concluded that patients with manifest type II diabetes, as normoglycaemic individuals, adapt to physical training. However, no persistent effect on glucohomeostasis and lipaemia is produced by short-term training in the diabetic patients.     

Aptitude for physical exercise in a population of female hospital workers

Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of physical capacity in a female hospital population of Paris and its suburbs. A total of 1505 women working in the selected departments filled in a questionnaire concerning their working conditions, life habits and health and also attended a medical examination. The effort test performed consisted in flexing the legs 20 times with the chest held straigt, in 40 s. The heart rates were measured for the first, the second and the third minutes of recovery (first 15 s multiplied by 4). The blood pressure was measured just after the heart rate, for the first and the third minute. Recovery indices have been constituted from the results. The respective weights of anthropometric and sociodemographic risk factors for recovery indices were studied in multiple logistic regression models. The classification enables us to consider about 25%–30% of our population as having a satisfactory physical capacity, about 26%–27% as having an acceptable capacit, and about 24%–27% as having a weak capacity. About 21% of the population presented an excessive pressure reaction and 44% a questionable pressure reaction. Our results concerning the level of physical capacity of the female nursing staff should be taken into account especially in the future planning of work loads and architectural choices, which must avoid excessive physical burdens in relation to this level. An improvement in the level of physical capacity could be envisaged as well.     

卡那霉素链霉菌噬菌体SKJ1DNA限制性内切酶图谱的构建

卡那霉素链霉菌温和性噬菌体ＳＫＪ１ＤＮＡ上有２个ＡｖａＩ和ＳｍａＩ酶切位点，８个ＳａｌＩ位点，７个ＥｃｏＲＩ位点及１２个ＢａｍＨＩ位点，经酶切后用１％琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定ＳＫＪ１ＤＮＡ大小为６０．７ｋｂ。用单酶切，双酶切及片段酶切分析，得到ＳＫＪ１ＤＮＡ的ＡｖａＩ、ＳｍａＩ、ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＳａｌＩ酶切图谱及ＢａｍＩ１的部分酶切图谱，证明ＡｖａＩ和ＳｍａＩ在ＳＫＪ１ＤＮＡ上具有相同酶切位点，并经过酶切结     

Day-to-day variations in serum iron,serum iron binding capacity,serum ferritin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations in anaemic subjects

Day-to-day variations in serum iron, serum iron binding capacity, serum ferritin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin were determined on 2 successive days in 48 patients with anaemia. The correlation coefficients between the paired determinations were 0.86, 0.89, 0.95 and 0.95, and the day-to-day coefficients of variation (in per cent) were 33, 11, 12 and 13 for serum iron, serum iron binding capacity, erythrocyte protoporphyrin and serum ferritin, respectively. Thus, in patients with anaemia, day-to-day variations in serum iron, serum iron binding capacity, erythrocyte protoporphyrin and serum ferritin are at least as high as in healthy controls. The results indicate important limitations in the use, particularly, of serum iron in the clinical investigation of anaemia.     

Similarities in Skeletal Muscle Strength and Exercise Capacity Between Renal Transplant and Hemodialysis Patients

Exercise intolerance is common in hemodialysis (HD) and renal transplant (RTx) patients. Aim of the study was to assess to what extent exercise capacity and skeletal muscle strength of RTx patients differ from HD patients and healthy controls and to elucidate potential determinants of exercise capacity in RTx patients. Exercise capacity, muscle strength, lean body mass (LBM) and physical activity level (PAL) were measured by cycle-ergometry, isokinetic dynamometry, DEXA and Baecke Questionnaire, respectively, in 35 RTx, 16 HD and 21 controls. VO2peak and muscle strength of the RTx patients were significantly lower compared to controls (p<0.01), but not different compared to HD patients. In RTx patients, strength (p<0.001), PAL (p=0.001) and age (p=0.045) were significant predictors of VO2peak. Muscle strength was related to LBM (p=0.001) and age (p=0.001), whereas gender (p<0.001) and renal function (p=0.01) turned out to be significant predictors of LBM. No effects of corticosteroids were observed. Exercise capacity and muscle strength seem equally reduced in RTx and HD patients compared to controls. In RTx patients, muscle strength and PAL are highly related to exercise capacity. Renal function appears to be a significant predictor of LBM, and through the LBM, of muscle strength and exercise capacity.     

乙酰唑胺负荷MR灌注成像对脑血管储备功能的评估

目的探讨乙酰唑胺(ACZ)负荷MR灌注成像对评估脑血管储备功能的价值。方法运用磁共振灌注成像(perfusion-weighted imaging,PWI)对7例脑梗死患者口服ACZ前后分别进行对比剂首过期成像,分析PWI所得参数,包括脑血容量(regionalcerebral blood volume,rCBV)及血流平均通过时间(regional mean transit time,rMTT),以此评估脑血管储备功能(cerebrovascular re-serve capacity,CRC)。结果7例患者口服ACZ前后的rMTT图均发现视觉异常区,仅5例患者有rCBV异常区,并且rMTT异常的区域大于rCBV异常区;口服ACZ后rMTT图和rCBV图的异常区要小于口服ACZ前;rMTT异常区为rMTT延长,rCBV异常区则包括rCBV增加和rCBV减少2类。结论ACZ负荷磁共振PWI在脑血管储备功能研究中有重要价值。     

脑血流和灌注储备能力评价在有症状颅内动脉狭窄诊治中的价值

在有症状颅内动脉狭窄患者的脑血流和灌注储备能力尚未明确之前，仅根据患者的临床症状和动脉狭窄程度进行手术干预具有相当的盲目性。脑血流和灌注是评价是否存在脑缺血的最直接证据。由于侧支循环和脑血管本身储备能力，颅内血管狭窄和（或）血流速度下降等并不一定表明该血管供血区脑灌注下降。文章阐述了脑血流和灌注储备能力评价在有症状颅内动脉狭窄患者诊治中的价值。