Risperidone and cognitive function in children with disruptive behavior disorders.

BACKGROUND: Effects of risperidone on cognitive function in children with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) and subaverage intelligence quotient (IQ) were assessed. METHODS: Data from two 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (n = 228) were combined, as were three 1-year, open-label studies (n = 688). Patients with DBDs and subaverage IQ, 5 to14 years, received placebo or risperidone .02 to .06 mg/kg/day. Cognitive measures included the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Verbal Learning Test for Children (VLT-C). Efficacy was assessed using the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF). Adverse events were collected via spontaneous report; sedation was assessed using visual analog scale. RESULTS: Improvements on the NCBRF Conduct Problem subscale were significantly greater for risperidone- versus placebo-treated patients (-15.8 vs. -6.4, p < .0001) in short-term studies; significant reductions were observed in long-term studies (-16.3, p < .0001). No overall decline and some significant improvement in attention (CPT) and memory (VLT-C) were noted regardless of treatment in short-term studies. VLT-C improved significantly (p < .0001) for both groups, with no difference between treatment groups. Improvements in memory (VLT-C) and attention (CPT) were noted in long-term studies. Somnolence/sedation did not affect cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive function was not altered by risperidone in short-term studies and was maintained or improved with one year of treatment in children with DBDs and subaverage IQ, potentially representing age-appropriate gains.     

肺内源性和肺外源性呼吸衰竭机械通气的临床对比研究

目的探讨肺内源性和肺外源性呼吸衰竭机械通气时的肺保护性策略。方法通过25例呼吸衰竭中12例肺内源性和13例肺外源性机械通气临床资料的回顾性分析,对比研究两组呼吸力学差异时对通气模式选择、参数设置和调节的影响,以及肺保护的实施方法。结果在两组APACHE-Ⅱ评分、平均年龄和Vt设置无差异的条件(P>005)下,肺内源性组PEEP/CPAP、PSV、f的需设值均明显高于肺外源性组(P<001)。肺内源性组Pplat、PIP、Raw的监测结果大于肺外源性组,而Crs小于肺外源性组(P<001)。肺内源性组417%和肺外源性组154%因MOF而死亡(APACHE-Ⅱ评分均>20分),组间比较有显著差异(P<001)。结论肺内源性和肺外源性呼吸衰竭机械通气时,实施肺保护的方法不同。前者应首选压力预置通气模式,后者可首选容量预置通气模式。以设置中、小Vt为原则,按个体化的通气需求而设置f和加用恰当的PSV、CPAP/PEEP对减少VILI、病死率可能有益。     

回收式自体输血在儿童先天性髋关节脱位手术中的应用

[目的]探讨儿童先天性髋关节脱位的股骨和骨盆联合手术中洗涤式自体血液回收的应用方法与前景。[方法]2003年8月~2005年12月,17例先天性髋关节脱位股骨和骨盆联合手术中,使用Cell Saver 5血液回收系统行术中的血液回收。观察回输自体血液后的并发症发生情况,记录术中估计失血量、实际回收血量,以及回输血前后的Hb、Hct、P lt、PT、APTT、HR、BP、SPO2等的变化情况。[结果]17例患儿术中血液回收总量2 090 m l,平均每人(171±53)m l。其中4例出现一过性血红蛋白尿,其他无并发症。患者术前和术后24 h的Hb、Hct、HR比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);患者术前和术后24 h的P lt、PT、APTT、SPO2、BP比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。[结论]儿童先天性髋关节脱位的股骨和骨盆联合手术中的血液回收是安全、有效的自体输血方式,明显节约异体血的用量,有效避免血液传播性疾病的发生。     

智力残疾的适应性行为评估

适应性行为评估是智力残疾诊断与干预的必要依据。适应性行为的概念至今仍未有统一的观点，AAMR（2002）认为，适应性行为指的是概念、社会和应用3方面的技能，它的限制会影响个体的日常生活运作，进而影响其生活适应。对适应性行为进行评估的方法主要有测验法、行为观察法、功能性评估、生活质量评估和社会技能测量。无论使用什么方法进行评估，都应当以改善智力残疾个体现有状况为目的，考虑到各种评估方法的局限性，对智力残疾个体宜进行全面评估。     

Standardized quick en bloc technique for procurement of cadaveric liver grafts for pediatric liver transplantation

This paper describes a quick procedure for cadaveric liver graft retrieval during multiple organ harvesting. The technique is based on minimal preliminary dissection, absence of in situ direct portal perfusion, and en bloc removal of the liver and pancreas, with an aortic patch encompassing the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. The results of 110 pediatric liver transplantations with 109 organs harvested using this technique are reported. There were no graft harvesting injuries. The liver graft primary nonfunction rate was 4.5% (5/110). The 3-month retransplantation rate was 10%. The actual patient survival rates were 93% at 3 months and 90% at 1 year; actual graft survival rates were 85.5% and 78%, respectively. The technique described was at least as safe as conventional procedures. A major advantage of the procedure is its flexibility, which allows for the easily combined procurement of other organs (whole pancreas and intestine).     

Minor Psychiatric Morbidity, Its Prevalence and Outcome in a Cohort of Civil Servants A Seven-year Follow-up Study

During the years 1979–1986, a cohort of direct entrantexecutive officers in the Civil Service were followed up toexamine the prevalence and outcome of minor psychiatric morbidityin an occupational setting. All studies using epidemiologicalstandardized research methods agree, that prevalence rates arehigh in occupational settings. As in primary care settings,half of the illness episodes followed a chronic course, whichemphasizes the need for early detection and prompt managementof these conditions, and for evaluative studies of interventionstrategies.     

Risk Factors for a First Febrile Seizure: A Matched Case-Control Study

Summary We conducted a matched casecontrol study to identify risk factors for first febrile seizures, with special emphasis on characteristics of the acute illness episode. Cases were identified through hospital emergency departments; controls were identified through outpatient clinics and emergency departments. Sixtynine children with first febrile seizures and no history of previous unprovoked seizures were matched for age (±6 months), site of routine pediatric care, and date of visit (±weeks) with 1 or 2 febrile controls who had no history of previous febrile or unprovoked seizures. Medical records for the index visit were reviewed, and parents were interviewed by telephone. Illness characteristics examined included height of temperature, type of underlying illness, contact with a physician during the illness but before the index visit, and use of acetaminophen or decongestants. Family history of febrile and of unprovoked seizures, sociodemographic characteristics, daycare use, and selected preand perinatal variables were also studied. On multivariable analysis, significant independent risk factors were height of temperature, history of febrile seizures in a firstor in a higher degree relative. Gastroenteritis as the underlying illness had a significant inverse (i.e., protective) association with febrile seizures. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was a marginally significant predictor of febrile seizures.     

Respondent and informant accounts of psychiatric symptoms in a sample of patients with learning disability

This paper investigates differences in the nature and frequency of psychiatric symptoms reported by patients with learning disability and by key informants. The study involved psychiatric assessment of 100 patients with learning disabilities and key informants using the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with a Developmental Disability (PAS-ADD), a semi-structured psychiatric interview developed specifically for people who have a learning disability. There was considerable disagreement between respondent and informant interviews; only 40.7% of cases were detected by both interviews. Respondents were more likely to report on autonomic symptoms and certain psychotic phenomena. Other anxiety and depression symptoms were more frequently reported by infcrnnants. The results indicate that it is crucial for sensitive case detection to complete both interviews where possible. If the respondent cannot be interviewed, panic disorder or phobias may be particularly difficult to detect.     

Nordic contributions to disability policies

The most spectacular contribution from the nordic countries to intellectual disability policy is probably the idea of normalization, but it is not the simplistic notion that can be inferred from international debate. Its major significance may have been to act as an inspiring catchword for the important trend away from institutions Into integrated living. However, it is more fully understood when seen in the concrete context where It has successively developed, and been critically analysed and tested in operation. Scandinavian sociologists and psychologists—as well as politicians—were also among the first to use the concept of quality of life for analysis of social policy, including intellectual disability. The primary medium for implementation has been legislation, where the dominant difficulty is to find a balance between security and freedom, protection and self-determination. Through this process, the role of social engineering in the welfare state, based on humanistic ideas of solidarity, can be followed into today's emphasis on individual influence and participation.     

弱智儿童与正常儿童智力结构的比较研究

以中国－韦氏儿童智力量表和修订幼儿Ｈ．Ｒ神经心理测验中的范畴测验作为儿童智力和思维能力的指标，对４７名８－１１岁弱智儿童和５０名普通小学儿童进行了测试，发现弱智儿童ＩＱ在４６－６９之间，属智力迟滞，与教育的筛选结果相同。且危险因素明显多于正常儿童。正常儿童ＩＱ在１１０－１３３之间，属高于平常智力，两组间有显著性差异。两组儿童智力结构图走势相似，提示智力测验对个体的指导意义更大。弱智儿童与正常儿童的范畴测验得分有极显著的差异，且与ＩＱ呈显著负相关，提示范畴测验鉴别力良好，可单独作为儿童思维能力的检测指标。