Bone growth patterns in Chinese children and adolescents: a 6-year follow-up study provides evidence for sexual dimorphism and tracking

Summary We prospectively examined bone growth patterns in 894 children aged 6–17 years at the baseline visit, with a 6-year follow-up. Results show bone “tracking” over a six-year interval and sexual dimorphism of bone attained levels and timing of peak bone growth. Our findings underscore childhood and adolescence as critical periods for building bone and developing gender differences. Introduction Bone growth patterns were prospectively examined in 894 Chinese children (496 males), aged 6–17 yrs, from a population-based twin cohort. Whole-body bone area (BA), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by DEXA at baseline and a 6-yr follow-up. Methods Graphic smoothing plots and generalized estimating equations were used to model bone attained levels, growth, and “tracking”. Results Attained levels of BMC and BA increased curvilinearly with age. Male attained levels were higher than females after age ∼15 yr, but BMD was lower between 13–17 yrs (Tanner stage I to IV). In both genders, peak BMC and BMD growth lagged ∼2 yrs behind peak BA growth, which lagged 2 yrs behind peak height growth. Peak bone growth occurred 1–3 yrs later in males. Over the 6-yr follow-up, all bone measurements “tracked”, but “shifting” across ranks also occurred, and baseline tertile ranking influenced bone growth. Females with early menarche had higher attained levels than females with late menarche at age 12–13 yrs. Conclusion Our findings confirm and expand previous studies on peak bone growth conducted in Caucasian cohorts, particularly sexually dimorphic and maturational effects. The significant “tracking” of bone measurements in this 6-yr follow-up study underscores the importance that osteoporosis prevention should begin in childhood and adolescence. Fengxiu Ouyang and Binyan Wang contributed equally to this article. Source(s) of support: This study is supported in part by grant R01 HD049059, R01 HL0864619 and R01 AR045651 from the National Institute of Health and by the Food Allergy Project.     

子宫内膜萎缩疗法治疗青春期功血362例临床研究

目的：探讨子宫内膜萎缩疗法治疗青春期功血（DUB）的止血效果。方法：将362例平均分为观察组（采用炔诺酮、戊酸雌二醇联合疗法止血）和对照组（单用炔诺酮子宫内膜萎缩疗法止血），两组各181例，比较两组的止血效果。结果：观察组和对照组止血有效率分别为96．13％（174／181）和92．27％（167／181），两组比较差异无统计学意义（踟105）；观察组和对照组控制出血时间分别为（28．69±14．87）h和（29．72±15．34）h，两组比较差异无统计学意义（踟．05）。观察组和对照组的完全止血时间分别为（32．80±19．10）h和（47．30±18．60）h，两组比较差异有统计学意义（／9〈0．05）。观察组和对照组的住院天数平均为（6．10±2．80）d和（6．9±2．60）d，观察组住院时间短于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：炔诺酮止血疗法和炔诺酮、戊酸雌二醇联合疗法治疗青春期功血效果均较好，但炔诺酮、戊酸雌二醇联合疗法治疗效果更佳。     

Bone Mineral Density Determinations by Dual-Energy x-ray Absorptiometry in the Management of Patients with Marfan Syndrome—Some Factors Which Affect the Measurement

Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) was sporadically reported in patients with Marfan syndrome. This may or may not place the Marfan patient at increased risk for bone fracture. In comparing the BMDs of our patients with those reported in the literature, it seemed that agreement between values, and hence the degree of osteoporosis or osteopenia reported, was dependent on the instrumentation used. The objective of this study was to statistically assess this impression. Bone mineral density measurements from our previously published study of 30 adults with Marfan syndrome performed on a Lunar DPXL machine were compared with studies published between 1993–2000 measured using either Lunar or Hologic bone densitometry instruments. The differences of our measurements compared with those made on other Lunar machines were not statistically significant, but did differ significantly with published results from Hologic machines (P < 0.001). Before progress can be made in the assessment of BMD and fracture risk in Marfan patients and in the evidence-based orthopedic management of these patients, standardization of instrumental bone density determinations will be required along with considerations of height, obesity, age, and sex.     

腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术与无张力疝修补术的随机对照研究

目的：研究腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术（totally extraperitoneal prosthetic,TEP）在临床应用中的价值。方法：71例成人腹股沟疝患者前瞻性随机分成两组,分别进行TEP和无张力疝修补术（Lichtenstein）。TEP组35例,Lichtenstein组36例。手术后1周和1年内对患者作出临床观察和评估,并在3个月和1年时进行电话及门诊随访。观察指标为：手术时间、使用镇痛药物的频率、下床活动时间、住院天数、并发症、暂时性神经感觉异常、正常活动时间、腹股沟疼痛持续时间、疝复发。将两组数据进行统计学处理和分析。结果：使用镇痛药物的频率、下床活动时间、住院天数、恢复正常活动时间、腹股沟疼痛持续时间、并发症方面TEP组优于Lichtenstein组,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。手术时间、复发例数TEP组少于Lichtenstein组,但无统计学差异。结论：TEP对于复发疝、老年人疝以及双侧疝更加具有优势。但TEP手术费用较高、需要腹腔镜等设备、学习曲线较长,这些可能是目前TEP尚未广泛开展的主要原因。我们认为,缩短TEP学习曲线的关键在于掌握手术空间的建立,腹白线中隔是影响手术空间建立的主要因素,打开下方部分腹白线中隔是手术的要点。     

螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的价值

目的:评价螺旋CT在诊断肺动脉栓塞中的作用。方法:16例肺动脉栓塞患者行螺旋CT肺动脉造影 (SCTA)检查,层厚3mm,扫描时间0.8s,对比剂注射速度3.5ml/s,总量100ml,扫描延迟时间15s。结果:16例 共644支,其中134支肺动脉及分支显示了栓塞,占20.8%。228支肺段肺动脉中,有56支显示肺动脉栓塞,占分 析肺动脉支的24.5%。204支亚段肺动脉中37支显示肺动脉栓塞,占分析肺动脉支15.4%。肺动脉栓塞的CT形 态:①直接征象为不同程度的肺动脉分支内充盈缺损。中心型充盈缺损17支,偏心型充盈缺损44支,附壁血栓型 34支,完全阻塞型39支。②间接征象胸膜下肺梗死灶,内乳动脉一侧增粗,肺纹理稀少,胸水,肺动脉高压。结论: 螺旋CT肺动脉造影是诊断肺动脉栓塞的快速、有效、无创伤的诊断方法。     

社区人群痛风危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨社区人群(20岁以上)痛风的危险因素。方法 采用1：3病例对照研究方法，进行单因素与多因素与多因素logistic回归分析。结果 经单因素筛选和多因素分析，在P=0．05水平，高尿酸(OR=8．601)、肥胖(OR=2．910)、伴有高血压病史(OR=2．330)是痛风的独立危险因素。结论 痛风是一种在遗传基础上的与环境和生活方式有关的疾病，改变生活方式、控制相关疾病可能预防或减少高尿酸血症的发生，进而减少痛风的发生。     

《内经》论中风浅谈

中风的最早记载首推《内经》。中风部位在脑。中风症状，中经络者以口眼喁斜，语言不利，半身不遂为主症；中脏腑者以突然昏仆，不省人事，呕血，二便失禁为主症。中风病因病机为外风侵扰，饮食不节，情志失宜，心胃两虚，肝肾阴虚，气血虚弱，以致气血运行受阻，肌肤筋脉失于濡养或阴亏于下，肝阳暴张，阳化风动，血随气逆，挟痰挟火，横窜经络，蒙蔽清窍，而成中风。中风预后，中经络者可以治疗；中脏腑能言语者可以治疗，不能言语者预后较差。     

加减下瘀血汤对低密度及氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导小鼠肾足细胞血管内皮生长因子分泌的干预作用

目的：观察脂质低密度（LDL）及氧化型低密度脂蛋白（OX-LDL）对体外培养小鼠足细胞分泌血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的影响及加减下瘀血汤的保护作用.方法：观察不同浓度下LDL和OX-LDL对小鼠肾足细胞分泌VEGF的影响,再用不同浓度加减下瘀血汤含药血清进行干预,分别用RT-PCR及ELISA检测足细胞分泌VEGF的变化.结果：LDL和OX-LDL可使肾足细胞分泌VEGF明显增高,且有浓度依赖性.中药加减下瘀血汤含药血清的干预可以明显抑制脂质诱导肾足细胞VEGF的高表达.结论：LDL和OX-LDL可以通过促进足细胞分泌VEGF增加而加重脂质肾毒性,而中药加减下瘀血汤可能通过抑制脂质诱导足细胞分泌过多VEGF,从而保护足细胞的脂质损伤.     

投影法植入椎弓根螺钉的可行性

目的探讨通过椎弓根的投影法植入椎弓根螺钉的可行性及临床应用价值。方法通过对椎弓根的解剖及椎弓根投影的影像解剖研究,探讨通过椎弓根投影植入椎弓根螺钉的可行性,临床上前瞻性地利用该法植入胸椎椎弓根螺钉50枚,腰椎椎弓根86枚,术后CT复查。胸椎植入的成功率与经典Margel法对比,腰椎植入的成功率与经典的AO法对比,利用SPSS13.0的Pearson Chi-Squaretest对结果进行统计分析,分析该法与AO及Margel法的成功率是否存在显著差异。结果椎弓根的投影就是椎弓根行径在X线片及CT片上的投影,临床利用椎弓根的投影法植入胸椎螺钉16例50枚,Margel法31例74枚,投影法植入腰椎螺钉23例86枚,AO法32例142枚,投影法胸椎的成功率明显高于Margel法,腰椎的成功率与AO法没有明显的显著性差异。结论椎弓根投影法植入螺钉的方法是可靠、可行的。