原发性硬化性胆管炎的诊断与治疗

目的探讨原发性硬化性胆管炎的误诊原因和诊疗方法。方法自1998年6月至2004年12月问我院收治原发性硬化性胆管炎21例,回顾性分析21例病人的误诊原因、诊断要点、糖皮质激素的治疗结果及其预后。结果患者都有从初诊医院-传染病医院-综合医院的诊治史。21例患者都应用糖皮质激素治疗,激素的用量、时间因人而异,采用个体化治疗方案。有16例患者获长期缓解,有5例需要长期服用激素治疗,有3例病程进展快发生“胆汁性肝硬化门静脉高压症”,死亡1例。尚无肝移植手术的病例。结论原发性硬化性胆管炎病因不明,本病表现复杂多样、误诊率高、治疗效果差。激素可以长期缓解部分病例,有复发病例;部分病例需长期口服激素治疗。激素可以缓解症状、延缓病程发展进程;部分患者病程进展速度快, 激素仅能使胆红素和转氨酶降低,不能阻断病程的进展,胆汁性肝硬化门静脉高压症是其必然的结果,肝移植术是唯一的有效的治疗方法。     

快速供肝切取与修整的外科技巧

目的总结肝脏移植供肝的快速切取和修整经验。方法分析2004年共186例快速供肝的切取和修整的资料。快速切取技术采用原位腹主动脉、肠系膜上静脉灌注附加下腔静脉引流，快速切取供肝，4℃UW液中保存和修整肝脏。结果供肝热缺血时间为3～10min，平均4．5min；冷缺血时间平均为3-16h，平均7h。供肝的修整时间为26～90min，平均46min。供肝修整时发现肝动脉解剖变异20例。结论快速供肝切取法要求术者技术娴熟、动作迅速和准确，可最大限度地减少供肝热缺血时间。快速切取法能保证供肝的质量和确保供肝切取的成功。     

肝肾胰联合移植手术的麻醉及围术期管理

目的探讨肝、肾、胰联合移植手术的麻醉及围术期管理方法。方法肝肾胰联合移植患者1例，行充分术前准备，改善肝功能，减轻尿毒症症状，控制血糖水平，使患者各脏器功能处于最佳状态。选用异氟烷、咪唑安定、芬太尼和维库溴铵行静脉吸入复合麻醉，维持合适麻醉深度和充分供氧。行桡动脉和颈内静脉穿刺置管，用于监测血压和维持静脉通道；选用食管超声多普勒行血流动力学监测；定时检测肝、肾功能指标、凝血参数、动脉血气、血糖浓度以及血、尿淀粉酶等生化参数，根据上述检测结果调整治疗。结果术中循环稳定，血气结果正常。术毕时血糖浓度较术前升高。患者肝脏及胰腺功能在术后1周恢复正常。肾脏功能恢复不良，予以二次肾移植术，两次手术期间行血液透析。肾功能于二次肾移植术后第3天恢复正常。目前患者各脏器功能正常。结论肝胰肾联合移植麻醉及管理的重点是充分术前准备，选择静吸复合麻醉，兼顾各脏器功能，维持血流动力学和内环境稳态的平衡。     

Pulsatile Perfusion Reduces the Incidence of Delayed Graft Function in Expanded Criteria Donor Kidney Transplantation

The use of expanded criteria donors (ECD) has been proposed to help combat the discrepancy between organ availability and need. ECD kidneys are associated with delayed graft function (DGF) and worse long-term survival. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of pulsatile perfusion (PP) on DGF and graft survival in transplanted ECD kidneys. From January 2000 to December 2003, 4618 ECD kidney-alone transplants were reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing. PP was performed on 912 renal allografts. The prognostic factors of DGF were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Risk factors for reduced allograft viability were greater in donors and recipients of PP kidneys. Three-year graft survival of ECD kidneys preserved with PP was similar to cold storage (CS) kidneys. The incidence of DGF in PP kidneys was significantly lower than CS kidneys (26% vs. 36%, p < 0.001). Despite having a greater number of risk factors for reduced graft viability, the ECD-PP kidneys had similar graft survival compared to ECD-CS kidneys. The use of PP, by decreasing the incidence of DGF, may possibly lead to lower overall costs and increased utilization of donor kidneys.     

Development of the New Lung Allocation System in the United States

This article reviews the development of the new U.S. lung allocation system that took effect in spring 2005. In 1998, the Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services published the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) Final Rule. Under the rule, which became effective in 2000, the OPTN had to demonstrate that existing allocation policies met certain conditions or change the policies to meet a range of criteria, including broader geographic sharing of organs, reducing the use of waiting time as an allocation criterion and creating equitable organ allocation systems using objective medical criteria and medical urgency to allocate donor organs for transplant. This mandate resulted in reviews of all organ allocation policies, and led to the creation of the Lung Allocation Subcommittee of the OPTN Thoracic Organ Transplantation Committee. This paper reviews the deliberations of the Subcommittee in identifying priorities for a new lung allocation system, the analyses undertaken by the OPTN and the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients and the evolution of a new lung allocation system that ranks candidates for lungs based on a Lung Allocation Score, incorporating waiting list and posttransplant survival probabilities.     

Coccidioidomycosis After Renal Transplantation in an Endemic Area

Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection of the desert southwestern United States of particular concern for immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. The clinical course of coccidioidomycosis can be severe in immunosuppressed patients, with high rates of dissemination and mortality, and antifungal prophylaxis is routinely administered to high-risk patients. We sought to determine the impact of coccidioidomycosis on patients who received their renal transplant at our hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. A retrospective records review of the first 205 patients who received a renal transplant between June 1999 and December 2003 identified 6 patients (3%) who had contracted coccidioidomycosis after transplantation. All six cases occurred more than 6 months after transplantation. Two of these six patients had disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Two patients, one with pulmonary infection and one with disseminated infection, died. None of the six patients with coccidioidomycosis after transplantation had identified risk factors before transplantation. No high-risk patient who received targeted antifungal prophylaxis had a reactivation of coccidioidomycosis after transplantation. Treatment for acute rejection and induction with antithymocyte globulin did not appear to increase the risk of subsequent coccidioidomycosis.     

肾移植术患者连续腰麻的效果

目的评价肾移植术患者连续腰麻（CSA）的效果。方法择期肾移植术患者24例，ASAⅢ级，随机分为3组（n=8），DCEA组：L1-2与L3-4间隙硬膜外穿刺，注入2％利多卡因试验剂量5ml，初始剂量10—20ml（0．75％布比卡因＋2％利多卡因，1：1混合液）；CSEA组：L1-2间隙硬膜外穿刺，L3.4间隙经硬膜外针行腰麻穿刺，注入重比重0.5％布比卡因10～13mg，调节体位和硬膜外给药量（0．75％布比卡因＋2％利多卡因，1：1混合液）；CSA组：L3.4间隙经硬膜外针行腰麻穿刺，注入重比重0．5％布比卡因10～13mg，根据阻滞平面给药2—4mg，次。3组目标阻滞平面k，记录入手术室后（基础值）和首剂量局麻药注入后1、5、10、15minSP、DP、MAP、HR。于麻醉前（T1）、移植肾植入髂窝后即刻（T2）、手术结束（T3）测血糖；记录开始注入局麻药至出现满意阻滞平面的时间、肌松程度、肾脏植入髂窝后患者不适感和局麻药总量。结果与CSEA组比较，阻滞平面达T6时间DCEA组延长（P〈0．05），局麻药总量DCEA组增多，CSA组减少（P〈0．05）。3组血糖比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。镇痛效应及肌松程度CSA组优于DCEA组和CSEA组。结论与硬膜外阻滞和脊椎．硬膜外联合阻滞相比，肾移植术患者连续腰麻产生较好的镇痛、肌松效果，且局麻药用量较少。     

一种双侧供肾大鼠肾移植模型的建立

目的 探讨同时取大鼠双侧肾脏分别移植的可行性，其目的是节省实验费用、缩短手术时间。方法 以近交系Brown-Norway大鼠为供者，同时取其双肾作为供肾，原位灌洗；近交系Lewis大鼠为受者，切除其左肾，移植供肾1只。以冠状动脉造影支架为支撑行供肾静脉与受者肾静脉端端吻合，供肾动脉与受者的腹主动脉行端侧吻合，供肾输尿管膀胱瓣与受者的膀胱吻合。受者术中预置右侧肾脏血管体外结扎线，术后3d结扎。结果 每只供鼠手术耗时约40min，热缺血时间约10S，冷缺血时间约20min。40次实验均获成功，移植肾功能正常，在不用免疫抑制剂的情况下，受者存活时间均超过7d。结论 同时取双侧肾脏分别移植给2个受者是可行的，可降低实验成本；要获得相同数量的供肾，同时取双肾的耗时较仅取单侧肾脏大大缩短。     

转染人VEGF165基因对大鼠胰岛移植物再血管化及生物学功能的影响

目的探讨转染人血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）基因对大鼠胰岛移植物再血管化和生物学功能的影响。方法实验分二步进行，首先构建携带人血管内皮生长因子165（hVEGF165）基因的重组腺病毒载体AdhVEGF165，用其按病毒／细胞的感染倍数（MOI）分别为10、100、500的比例在体外转染新鲜分离、纯化的近交系Lewis大鼠胰岛，检测体外培养的胰岛表达hVEGF165基因的情况；然后按MOI为10的比例在体外用AdhVEGF165转染Lweis大鼠胰岛，再经门静脉注射至近交系Lewis大鼠的肝脏内（VEGF组），并设不含hVEGF165基因的空载体转染对照组（GFP组）和磷酸盐缓冲液处理对照组（PBS液组），术后测定受鼠的血糖变化，进行静脉糖耐量试验（IVGTT），并观察受鼠肝脏中移植胰岛的组织学变化。结果体外转染hVEGF165基因的大鼠胰岛分泌至细胞外的hVEGF165的浓度显著高于未转染者（P〈0．01）。糖尿病大鼠移植转染hVEGF165基因的胰岛后，静脉注射葡萄糖后40、60、120min时的血糖水平显著低于GFP组和PBS液组（P〈0．05）；40min时体循环中胰岛素的浓度，VEGF组显著高于GFP组和PBS液组（P〈0．05）；VEGF组移植胰岛内CD34和胰岛素免疫组化染色的强度均高于GFP组和PBS液组。结论转染hVEGF165基因对胰岛移植物的再血管化和生物学功能有促进作用。     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植患者并发尿路上皮肿瘤的特点，探讨其诊治方法。方法 自1998～2003年肾移植患者1293例，术后发生尿路上皮恶性肿瘤21例（1．6％）。男4例，女17例。17例原发病为慢性问质性肾炎。发生尿路上皮肿瘤距肾移植6～62个月，平均26个月。其中膀胱癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管、膀胱癌8例，双侧肾盂输尿管癌1例。10例上尿路肿瘤发生部位与移植肾同侧，4例发生于移植肾对侧。临床症状以无痛性肉服血尿和反复泌尿系感染为主。19例行手术治疗，术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1／3并辅以局部灌注化疗。结果 2例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5、8个月死亡。余19例现已随访2～5年。13例肿瘤复发，复发部位为膀胱或对侧原。肾、输尿管。所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥。2例因切除移植肾恢复透析，17例肾功能正常。结论 慢性间质性。肾炎导致。肾功能衰竭的。肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤；移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤；对移植肾对侧为首发的上尿路发生肿瘤者可预防性行双侧上尿路根治性切除。