老年颅脑损伤后脑性盐耗损综合征

目的　探讨老年急性颅脑损伤脑性盐耗损综合征的诊断及治疗。方法　回顾分析 2 1例 6 0岁以上老年颅脑损伤后脑性盐耗损综合征 (CSWS)的临床表现、实验室检查和诊治方法。结果　除早期的 3例死于脑水肿和脑梗塞外 ,其余18例水电解质代谢紊乱均得到纠正。结论　低血钠、低血容量、高尿钠、高尿量、高比重尿 (二低三高 )是CSWS的诊断依据 ,补高渗盐水和水化治疗是行之有效的方法。     

Natriuretic factors and lithium clearance in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Because the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a state of disturbed body fluid volume regulation and altered sodium balance we sought to determine if recently described volume regulatory factors were stimulated in SIADH. We measured atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), endogenous digitalis-like natriuretic factor (EDNF) and urinary free dopamine in SIADH (n = 27). We also determined fractional clearance of lithium (FCLi). The data obtained in SIADH were compared with similar measurements performed in sodium retaining hyponatremias, such as those of heart failure (n = 26), liver cirrhosis (n = 19) and volume contraction (n = 28). We observed: ANP was 19.5 +/- 2.7 fM/ml in SIADH; it was significantly lower than ANP in cardiac failure, but no different from ANP in volume contraction. Urinary free dopamine was 2.2 +/- 0.8 microM/24 h in SIADH; this was significantly higher than in volume contraction and liver cirrhosis. EDNF (259 +/- 42 nM/24 h) and FCLi (21.4 +/- 2%) were both numerically higher in SIADH than in other hyponatremic disorders; however, the differences did not achieve significance. In conclusion, our observations did not establish a specific role of ANP in chronic stable SIADH. As to the importance of EDNF, dopamine and proximal tubular fluid reabsorption (FCLi) additional work using acute volume changes may demonstrate their participation in the renal sodium handling of SIADH more clearly than our study did.     

低钠血症对卡瑞利珠单抗治疗恶性肿瘤患者生存期的影响

【摘要】目 的 探讨低钠血症对卡瑞利珠单抗治疗恶性肿瘤患者生存期的影响。方 法 回顾性收集2019年5月至 2020年5月于复旦大学附属中山医院首次进行卡瑞利珠单抗治疗的100例患者的临床和随访资料,根据患者使用免疫治疗前基线血钠水平分为低钠血症组、正常血钠组。χ2检验比较分类变量,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析并行Log - rank检验;Cox模型分析低钠血症对预后的影响程度。 结 果 两组性别、年龄、体质指数、TMN分期、ECOG PS评分、NRS2002评分、原发肿瘤、转移部位及联合用药情况均未达到统计学差异（P>0.05）;低钠血症组和正常血钠组中位总生存期为3.9个月（95%CI 2.864~5.136月）和14.967个月（95%CI 6.840~23.093个月）;中位无进展生存期分别2.933个月（95%CI 2.420~3.447个月）和7.0个月（95%CI 4.103~9.897个月）;调整原发肿瘤Log - rank检验低钠血症组和正常血钠组总生存期（P=0.026）和无进展生存期（P=0.015）,差异均存在统计学意义;单因素分析血钠水平与总生存时间（HR=1.863,95% CI为1.065~3.259,P=0.029 ）和无进展生存时间（HR=2.120,95% CI 为1.200~3.744,P=0.010）均存在相关 ;纳入血钠水平、年龄、性别、原发肿瘤、TNM分期、NRS2002及ECOG PS评分的COX多因素分析结果：基线血钠水平对患者的无进展生存时间存在独立影响,低钠血症组疾病进展风险增加84.6%（HR= 1.846, 95% CI为1.020~3.339,P=0.043）;同时纳入其他不同数量的多因素模型分析,血钠水平是总生存期和无进展生存期的独立影响因素（均P<0.05）。结 论 基线低钠血症可能与卡瑞利珠单抗治疗的恶性肿瘤患者的预后相关,有必要开展大样本前瞻性研究进一步验证。     

蛛网膜下腔出血并发低钠血症及预后分析

目的:探讨自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)急性期低钠血症的发生情况及其对预后的影响。方法:收集首次发病的急性期SAH病人76例,测定其血清钠,对发生低钠血症患者的预后及并发症进行分析。结果:SAH后低钠血症占同期自发性SAH的46.1%;并发低钠血症病人的死亡恶化率高于血钠正常的病人,有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),低钠血症患者发生血管痉挛及继发脑梗死、脑积水者也高于血钠正常者(P﹤0.05)。结论:SAH后低钠血症发生率很高;是预后差的危险因素;且与脑血管痉挛,脑积水关系密切。     

血清钠离子浓度联合红细胞比容对急性心力衰竭短期预后的预测价值

目的： 探讨低钠血症联合红细胞比容与急性心力衰竭（心衰）患者短期预后的关系。方法： 选择2019年1月至2020年7月锦州医科大学阜新市中心医院收治的因急性心衰入院患者498例，记录患者临床情况、基础疾病、心脏彩色多普勒超声（彩超）指标以及入院24 h内化验指标。按照血清钠离子浓度将急性心衰患者分为血钠正常组（血清钠浓度≥135 mmol/L）和低钠血症组（血清钠浓度<135 mmol/L）。按照红细胞比容将低钠血症组分为稀释性低钠血症亚组（红细胞比容：男性<40%，女性<37%）和消耗性低钠血症亚组（红细胞比容：男性≥40%，女性≥37%）。比较各组患者住院期间死亡率，以及出院后30 d、90 d内死亡及再入院情况，分析血清钠离子浓度联合红细胞比容对患者出院短期预后的预测价值。结果： 498例患者中，低钠血症患者86例，稀释性低钠血症34例，消耗性低钠血症52例。观察期间出现不良事件167例，稀释性低钠血症23例，消耗性低钠血症22例，血钠正常122例。调整基线特征后，稀释性低钠血症是急性心衰患者出院30 d和90 d不良事件的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。血清钠离子浓度、HCT及两者联合预测急性心衰患者短期预后的AUC分别为0.734、0.657、0.762（P<0.001）。结论： 稀释性低钠血症是急性心衰患者短期预后的独立预测因子，预测价值较高。     

Hyponatremia‐induced osteoporosis

There is a high prevalence of chronic hyponatremia in the elderly, frequently owing to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Recent reports have shown that even mild hyponatremia is associated with impaired gait stability and increased falls. An increased risk of falls among elderly hyponatremic patients represents a risk factor for fractures, which would be further amplified if hyponatremia also contributed metabolically to bone loss. To evaluate this possibility, we studied a rat model of SIADH and analyzed data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). In rats, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis of excised femurs established that hyponatremia for 3 months significantly reduced bone mineral density by approximately 30% compared with normonatremic control rats. Moreover, micro‐computed tomography (µCT) and histomorphometric analyses indicated that hyponatremia markedly reduced both trabecular and cortical bone via increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Analysis of data from adults in NHANES III by linear regression models showed that mild hyponatremia is associated with increased odds of osteoporosis (T‐score –2.5 or less) at the hip [odds ratio (OR) = 2.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–7.86; p < .01]; all models were adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, history of diuretic use, history of smoking, and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Our results represent the first demonstration that chronic hyponatremia causes a substantial reduction of bone mass. Cross‐sectional human data showing that hyponatremia is associated with significantly increased odds of osteoporosis are consistent with the experimental data in rodents. Our combined results suggest that bone quality should be assessed in all patients with chronic hyponatremia. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

脑出血并发中枢性低钠血症25例临床分析

目的探讨中枢性低钠血症的发病机制、诊断和治疗方法。方法在25例脑出血后中枢性低钠血症患者中,通过其临床表现及实验室检查明确诊断,并给予不同的治疗,观察其临床疗效。结果抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征应限水治疗,脑性盐耗综合征应补水和补盐治疗,全部病例低钠血症均得到纠正。结论中枢性低钠血症有两种不同表现形式,且治疗方法不同。正确认识和处理中枢性低钠血症有重要临床意义。