霍山石斛对高脂诱导的LDLR基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化和血管钙化的影响

目的 研究霍山石斛(DH)对高脂食物诱导的雄性低密度脂蛋白受体基因敲除(LDLR－/－)小鼠动脉粥样硬化(As)和血管钙化的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法 LDLR－/－小鼠随机分为对照组和霍山石斛组(DH组)。喂养18周后对小鼠处以安乐死,收集血清、主动脉、肝脏等。分析血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)的水平;对全主动脉及其根部切片进行油红O染色,检测动脉粥样硬化斑块面积;主动脉根部切片分别做天狼猩红和茜素红S染色,分析斑块稳定性和血管钙化程度;再对肝脏及其冰冻切片进行检测,分析其脂质积累情况。结果 霍山石斛喂食LDLR－/－小鼠18周后,与对照组比较,DH组小鼠血清TG水平下降(P＜0.05),但不影响血清中转氨酶及其他脂质水平。与对照组比较,DH组小鼠全主动脉及主动脉根部的粥样硬化斑块面积均减少约20%(P＜0.05);斑块损伤区域的胶原纤维含量增加约70%(P＜0.05),从而提高斑块的稳定性,且斑块中坏死核心的发生发展也受到明显抑制;对主动脉根部切片的茜素红S染色发现,对照组主动脉根部钙化面积占比1.34%,而DH组主动脉根部钙化面积占比为0.88%,减少了约34%(P＜0.01)。结论 霍山石斛可以抑制动脉粥样硬化和血管钙化的发生发展。     

高脂饮食与阿尔茨海默病的研究进展

高脂饮食对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)的发病有着重要的作用,该文在总结 AD 可能的 发病机制基础上,进一步阐述了高脂饮食导致 AD 发生的可能机制:增加血浆中饱和游离脂肪酸的含量,加快 AD 的病理进程;通过影响血脂水平促进 AD 的发生;导致大量脂肪的产生,并引起慢性炎症,产生的炎症因子 穿过血脑屏障从而激发神经炎性细胞;高脂肪食物影响肠道菌群,进而影响到微生物群 - 大脑 - 肠道的轴,导致 AD 的产生。基于以上机制,可以从减少游离饱和脂肪酸、调节脂代谢紊乱、改善炎症、调节肠道菌群这些机制 来治疗或者预防 AD 的发生。     

吡格列酮对实验性动脉粥样硬化大鼠血脂水平的影响及临床意义

目的观察吡格列酮对高脂饮食诱导动脉粥样硬化模型大鼠血脂水平的影响,并探索其临床意义。方法设清洁型SD大鼠26只,随机分为对照组(n=9)、高脂饮食组(n=17),高脂饮食组喂养12周后再随机分为模型组(n=8)和吡格列酮组(n=9),分别给予蒸馏水、蒸馏水(1.5ml/100g)和吡格列酮10mg/(kg·d)灌胃,1次/d,同时继续高脂饮食,干预4周后,检测各组血脂水平并观察主动脉病理形态学改变。结果高脂饮食喂养12周后,与对照组相比,模型组和吡格列酮组三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)显著升高(P<0.01)。给药干预4周后,吡格列酮组干预后TG、TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)较干预前明显降低(P<0.01),与模型组比较,吡格列酮组TG、TC水平明显降低(P<0.01)。且可减轻高脂饮食诱导的主动脉内膜增厚和平滑肌细胞增殖。结论吡格列酮可改善高脂血症大鼠血脂水平,延缓主动脉粥样硬化病理改变,提示吡格列酮的抗动脉粥样硬化作用可能部分归于血脂改善效应。     

Large GABAergic neurons form a distinct subclass within the mouse dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus with respect to intrinsic properties,synaptic inputs,sound responses,and projections

Neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) show a remarkable diversity in their responses to sound, but it has been difficult to relate these responses to their morphology. Large cells, which are found in all subdivisions of the IC, may form an exception. We found that large neurons of the mouse dorsal cortex of the IC were GABAergic and were contacted by vesicular glutamate transporter 2‐containing somatic terminals, as previously observed for the rat IC. Large cells, which were targeted under two‐photon guidance, typically had a low input resistance in comparison with the other cells in the dorsal cortex of the IC. Large cells received short‐latency excitatory inputs and had short first‐spike latencies. These excitatory inputs were often followed by long‐latency inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. In four cells, it was possible to reconstruct the ascending axon following labeling with biocytin. We found evidence that they projected to both the ventral and the dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate body of the thalamus, but they also branched off large collaterals while passing through the brachium of the IC. Our data indicate that, owing to their somatic glutamatergic inputs, large GABAergic tectothalamic projection neurons can generate short‐latency, well‐timed, feed‐forward inhibition, which affects not only the thalamus, but also other ascending nuclei. Their remarkably homogeneous properties, which generally differed from those of the other cells in the dorsal cortex of the IC, suggest that large neurons form a distinct subclass within the dorsal cortex of the IC. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:189–202, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

不同年龄和营养水平下驴肥育性能测定

选择断奶佳米驴、1.5岁驴及当地成年退役驴70头,用传统饲料或全价料加不同粗料肥育,分7个小群,饲喂63 d或113 d。结果表明,63 d日增重1.5岁驴（444.44～560.16）g,成年退役驴（611.11～670.15）g,断奶驴为（185.17～292.86）g;83 d日增重,1.5岁驴（423.42～566.08）g,成年退役驴（493.75～562.00）g。1.5岁驴日增重,以A2全价料加部分苜蓿效果好,与传统料A1群差异极显著（P<0.01）,与全价料不加部分苜蓿而加青贮A3群差异显著（P<0.05）。优质肉比例,饲养63 d断奶驹平均为57.03%,饲养113 d,1.5岁佳米驴平均为57.52%,成年退役驴平均为61.92%。1.5岁驴和成年退役驴,屠宰率分别为,43.37%～50.94%,46.64%～50.63%;净肉率分别为34.85%～38.32%,36.03%～36.14%;骨肉比3.19%～4.02%,4.00%～5.45%;脂肉比20.70%～22.65%,4.09%～8.01%。皮厚和皮重,饲养63 d断奶驴分别为（0.60～0.75）cm,（8.27～9.00）kg;肥育113 d 1.5岁佳米驴分别为（0.79～0.99）cm,（9.50～10.33）kg,退役成年驴分别为（0.85～1.04）cm,（10.00～11.60）kg,呈现皮厚随年龄增厚,皮重随年龄营养增重趋势。试驴内脏重量随年龄增大而增加,同龄不同营养群间内脏重量互有高低。试验认为,断奶驴不宜肥育肉用;成年退役驴以63 d强度肥育较好;1.5岁驴可短期（63 d,83 d）强度肥育生产优质驴肉,或肥育数月生产高中档驴肉。     

Maternal obesity induced by a ‘cafeteria’ diet in the rat does not increase inflammation in maternal,placental or fetal tissues in late gestation

IntroductionObesity during pregnancy can cause serious complications for maternal and infant health. While this has often been attributed to increased inflammation during obese pregnancy, human and animal studies exhibit variable results with respect to the inflammatory status of the mother, placenta and fetus. Cafeteria (CAF) feeding induces more inflammation than standard high-fat feeding in non-pregnant animal models. This study investigated whether maternal obesity induced by a CAF diet increases maternal, fetal or placental inflammation.MethodsMaternal obesity was established in rats by 8 weeks of pre-pregnancy CAF feeding. Maternal plasma inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, MCP1, GRO/KC, MIP-2 and TNFα) and expression of inflammatory genes (Tnfα, Il-6, Il-1β, Tlr2, Tlr4, Cox2 and Emr1) in maternal, placental and fetal tissues were measured at day 21 of gestation.ResultsDespite CAF animals having 63% more central body fat than controls at day 21 of gestation, plasma inflammatory markers were not increased; indeed, levels of IL-6, IL-12p40 and MIP2 were reduced slightly. Similarly, inflammatory gene expression remained largely unaffected by CAF feeding, except for slight reductions to Tlr4 and Emr1 expression in CAF maternal adipose tissue, and reduced Tlr4 expression in male labyrinth zone (LZ). The junctional zone (JZ) displayed increased Il-6 expression in CAF animals when fetal sexes were combined, but no inflammatory genes were affected by the CAF diet in fetal liver.ConclusionsMaternal obesity induced by a CAF diet before and during pregnancy does not increase the inflammatory status of the mother, placenta or fetus in late gestation.     

琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片在健康中国人体空腹和高脂餐后单次给药的药代动力学研究

目的评价单次口服琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片在中国健康受试者体内的药代动力学特征和安全性。方法 7例中国健康志愿者空腹单次口服琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片47. 5 mg,8例中国健康志愿者在高脂餐后单次口服琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片47. 5 mg,用液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定给药后不同时间美托洛尔的血药浓度,并用Win Nonlin 6. 4软件计算主要药代动力学参数。结果本研究未观察到药物相关的不良事件和严重不良事件。空腹单次口服琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片后的药代动力学参数如下:C_max为(14. 63±8. 93) ng·m L^-1,t_max为(9. 43±2. 76) h,t1/2为(9. 36±5. 76) h,AUC_0-t为(343. 63±262. 07) ng·m L^-1·h,AUC_inf为(359. 65±259. 29) ng·m L^-1·h,清除率为(188. 58±109. 10) L·h^-1,表观分布容积为(3031. 36±4029. 78) L。高脂餐后单次口服琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片后的药代动力学参数如下:C_max为(19. 56±14. 89) ng·m L^-1,t_max(6. 00±1. 07) h,t1/2为(6. 27±1. 37) h,AUC_0-t为(391. 07±307. 06) ng·m L^-1·h,AUC_inf为(395. 84±311. 42) ng·m L^-1·h,清除率为(225. 97±201. 53) L·h^-1,表观分布容积为(2022. 20±1842. 51) L。结论高脂餐后给予琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片,t_max较空腹给药提前,暴露量未见明显差异。     

黄连对高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠胰岛保护作用的实验研究

目的:观察黄连对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠胰岛的保护作用。方法:采用C57BL/6小鼠,高脂饮食建立肥胖模型。随机分成模型组,黄连组,另设正常对照组,每组7只。黄连组给予黄连水煎剂灌胃4周,实验末,检测空腹血糖(FBG)、血清胰岛素(INS)。HE染色对胰腺组织进行病理学观察,免疫组织化学检测胰岛insulin蛋白表达。结果:与模型组比较,黄连组FBG、INS显著降低,与正常组相比没有差异;HE染色观察发现模型组较正常对照组胰岛数量增多,体积显著增大,黄连组与模型组相比胰岛数量减少,体积明显缩小,未见明显的毛细血管扩张充血;免疫组织化学法检测发现黄连组与模型组相比胰岛insulin蛋白表达明显减少。结论:黄连对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠胰岛有一定的保护作用。     

盐酸地尔硫卓延迟缓释微丸的制备及处方优化

目的制备盐酸地尔硫卓延迟缓释微丸并对其处方进行优化。方法采用挤出滚圆法制备含药丸芯。采用流化床双层包衣技术以乙基纤维素为内层包衣材料,乙基纤维素与丙烯酸树脂的混合膜材为外层包衣材料制备延迟缓释微丸。以释放度为考察指标对其进行单因素考察,采用星点设计-效应面法优化处方,并对模型处方进行验证。结果单因素考察结果表明内层包衣增重、外层包衣增重以及外层包衣材料配比对释放度影响显著。通过所建立优化模型的效应面图可知,内层包衣增重X1=4.5%⁷.0%,外层包衣增重X2=7.0%7.0%,外层包衣增重X2=7.0%¹8.5%时所得的模型处方具有理想的释放时滞和释药速率。处方验证结果的f2相似因子为69.24>50,表明3批自制微丸的释药曲线与理论释药曲线具有良好的相似性。结论制备了具有理想释药时滞和释药速率的盐酸地尔硫卓延迟缓释微丸,所建数学模型具有良好的预测效果。     

l-Leucine Supplementation Worsens the Adiposity of Already Obese Rats by Promoting a Hypothalamic Pattern of Gene Expression that Favors Fat Accumulation

Several studies showed that l-leucine supplementation reduces adiposity when provided before the onset of obesity. We studied rats that were exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks before they started to receive l-leucine supplementation. Fat mass was increased in l-leucine-supplemented rats consuming the HFD. Accordingly, l-leucine produced a hypothalamic pattern of gene expression that favors fat accumulation. In conclusion, l-leucine supplementation worsened the adiposity of rats previously exposed to HFD possibly by central mechanisms.