罗格列酮和二甲双胍对高脂饲养造成的胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的　观察高脂饲养正常大鼠造成胰岛素抵抗 (IR)及不同药物干预的影响。方法将 8周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为 4组 ,每组各 11只 :正常饲养组 (NC)、高脂饲养组 (HF)、高脂 二甲双胍组 (HF Met)、高脂 罗格列酮组 (HF Ros)。罗格列酮 3mg·kg-1·d-1或二甲双胍 30 0mg·kg-1·d-1剂量进行灌胃。饲养 8周时取空腹血测游离脂肪酸 (FFA)、甘油三酯 (TG)、脂联素等。胰岛素敏感性用正常血糖高胰岛素钳夹技术稳态时的葡萄糖输注率 (GIR)来评价。结果　高脂饲养 8周后 ,与NC组相比 ,HF组呈现肥胖 ,血浆脂联素水平低 4 3 7% (P <0 0 1) ,GIR低 5 1 3% (P <0 0 1)。HF Met组体重和TG均低于HF组 ,分别低 8 4 %和 4 0 5 % ,P值均 <0 0 1,GIR高5 8 9% (P <0 0 1)。HF Ros组FFA和TG均显著低于HF组 ,分别低 2 5 3% (P <0 0 5 )和 5 4 0 %(P <0 0 1) ,血浆脂联素水平高 6 0 % (P <0 0 1) ,GIR高 14 9 6 % (P <0 0 1)。结论　 (1)正常热量高脂饲养正常SD大鼠 8周可引起肥胖 ,血浆脂联素水平下降和胰岛素抵抗。 (2 )罗格列酮和二甲双胍均可显著改善高脂饲养引发的胰岛素抵抗。前者伴有显著血FFA、TG降低和脂联素升高 ,后者伴有体重及血TG降低。     

高脂饮食对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠海马CA_3区形态学变化及mortalin蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,ApoE)基因敲除(knock-out,KO)及高脂饮食后小鼠海马CA_3区形态学及mortalin蛋白表达的变化,以探讨这些因素与记忆损伤及阿尔茨海默病的关系.方法 10只野生型小鼠予普通饲料喂养作为对照(C)组,10只ApoE KO小鼠予普通饲料喂养作为KO组,10只ApoE KO小鼠予高脂饲料喂养作为KO-HF组.小鼠3个月龄成模后,称重;取血检测血脂;取小鼠脑组织分别进行HE染色、尼氏染色、神经原纤维银染、免疫组织化学染色和计算机图像分析.结果 KO组体质鼍、总胆固醇、甘油三酯及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量与C组相比明显升高,KO-HF组升高更明显;KO组(0.301±0.031)及KO-HF组(0.261±0.020)尼氏体较C组(0.341±0.035)减少(F=18.068,P<0.05);KO组(0.322±0.060)及KO-HF组(0.391±0.041)mortalin表达较C组(0.256±0.061)升高(F=15.230,P<0.05);KO组及KO-HF组未见明显神经原纤维缠结.结论 ApoE KO及高脂饮食可致小鼠海马CA,区锥体细胞内尼氏体减少,mortalin表达升高,该蛋白的异常表达可能与阿尔茨海默病的发病相关.     

帕金森病患者血清中血脂含量检测分析

目的 探讨帕金森病患者血清中血脂的含量和帕金森病的关系.方法 选择2001～2008年于襄樊市第一人民医院门诊和病房就诊的帕金森病患者93例为病例组,选择年龄、性别、民族与帕金森病患者相匹配的健康人91例为对照组.检测血脂的含量,比较组间及性别间的差异性.结果 病例组血脂含量低于对照组(P<0.05)、低血脂患者的检出率高于对照组(P<0.05)、男女患者间低aPoB的检出率无差异(P>0.05).结论 低血脂与帕金森病的发生、发展可能有密切联系.

Abstract：

Objective A To discuss the relation between serum fats content in patients with Parkinson' s disease.Method 93 patients with Parkinson' s disease received a medical examination in the outpatient service and the hospital ward of Xiangfan city No 1 people hospital during 2001 - 2008 year were chosen as cases of illness group, and 91 healthy persons whose age,sex and nationality matched the Parkinson' s disease patients were chosen as control group. Blood fats content was examined, and then compared between the two groups. Results The blood fats content in illness group was lower than that of the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The detection rate of low blood fats in illness group was higher than that of the control group(P < 0. 05 ) , and there was no significant difference in the detection rate of low apoB between men and women in illness group ( P > 0. 05 ). Conclusion The low blood fat possibly has close relationship to the occurrence and the development of Parkinson' s disease.     

Effects of dietary saturated,monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in diabetic rats*

The effects of altering the type of dietary fat on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were investigated in streptozotocin‐diabetic rats fed non‐purified diets containing corn oil, olive oil, cod‐liver oil, sheep tallow and lard. After 32 days of experimental feeding, plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined. Body weights and food intake were also measured. In neither animal group did the type of fat in the diet affect significantly the plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins and their calculated ratios, and plasma glucose, body weight change or accumulative food intakes. In all studied diabetic rats, significant correlations were observed between body weight change and the following plasma variables: total cholesterol level (r = —0.37, P < 0.03), low density lipoprotein cholesterol level (r = —0.38, P<0.03) and triglycéride concentration (r = —0.36, P < 0.04). A significant positive correlation (r = 0.60, P < 0.0003) was also found between plasma levels of glucose and triglycérides. No significant correlations were noticed between accumulative food intakes and any of the studied variables. It is concluded that, in uncontrolled hyperglycemia in diabetes, the type of fat in the diet exerts little or no influence on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations.     

Sensory Evaluation of French Fries Fried in Four Oils: Extra Caliber ZTF Samples A & C,Advantage Cotton Soy Blend,and Advantage Low Linoleic Soybean Oil

Foodservice companies have begun developing frying oils that significantly reduce trans fats; the challenge, however, is ensuring these products still satisfy consumer demand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the sensory characteristics of four trans-fat-free oils that contain different ingredients using french fries as the medium. A total of 507 panelists completed sensory evaluations for french fries prepared in the different oils for five days based on temperature, appearance, color, taste, texture, flavor intensity, and overall liking. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to compare sensory characteristics of each type of oil on each day. The comparison results found significant differences among four samples for appearance, color, and texture but no differences for taste, flavor, and overall liking. This study suggests that strong alternatives do exist for those seeking to switch to oils offering greater nutritional benefits without compromising appearance, flavor, taste, or texture.     

Efficacy of Olibra: a 12-week randomized controlled trial and a review of earlier studies

Background

Intervention strategies that harness the body''s appetite and satiety regulating signals provide a means of countering excessive energy intake.

Methods

Eighty-two subjects were enrolled (18–60 years, body mass index: 25–40 kg/m²) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel trial. During a 12-week period, the effects of Olibra™ fat emulsion (2.1 g twice daily) on food intake, appetite, satiety, weight, and body composition were compared with those of a twice daily administered placebo (1.95 g milk fat). On days -7, 0, and 28, Olibra or the placebo added to 200 g of yogurt was served at breakfast and lunch. Food intake, appetite, and satiety were assessed after lunch and dinner. Body weight was measured on days -7, 0, 14, 28, 56, and 84. Body fat, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio were determined on days 0 and 84. The Eating Inventory was administered at screening and on day 28. Data relating to 71 subjects were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

Results

At 12 weeks, body weight was reduced in the test group (2.17 ± 0.46 kg standard error of the mean, p < .0001) and the control group (1.68 ± 0.42 kg, p < .0001). Waist circumference decreased by 2.93 ± 0.85 cm in the test group (p = .001) and by 1.78 ± 0.74 cm in the control group (p = .02). Differential weight and waist circumference reductions were not significant. Hunger scores (Eating Inventory) decreased more in the test group (p = .0082). Differential group effects were not significant for body fat, waist-hip ratio, food intake, appetite, and satiety.

Conclusions

At this dose, Olibra did not exert a consistent effect on food intake, appetite regulation, body weight, or body composition.     

Potential reductions in ultra-processed food consumption substantially improve population cardiometabolic-related dietary nutrient profiles in eight countries

Background and aimsThe negative effect on dietary nutrient profiles is the most obvious mechanism explaining the higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases associated with increased dietary share of UPF observed in large cohort studies.We estimate the proportion of diets with excessive energy density, excessive free sugars or saturated fat contents and insufficient fiber that could be avoided, if UPF consumption was reduced to levels among lowest consumers across eight countries, as well as the proportion of diets with multiple inadequacies.Methods and resultsUsing nationally-representative cross-sectional surveys from Brazil (2008–09), Chile (2010), Colombia (2005), Mexico (2012), Australia (2011–12), the UK (2008–16), Canada (2015), and the US (2015–16), inadequate energy density (≥2.25 kcal/g) or contents of free sugars (>10% of total energy intake), saturated fats (>10% of total energy intake) and fiber (<25 g/2000 kcal) population attributable fractions were quantified.Substantial reductions in nutrient inadequacies would be observed ranging from 50.4% in Chile to 76.8% in US for dietary energy density, from 15.5% in Colombia to 68.4% in Australia for free sugars, from 9.5% in Canada to 35.0% in Mexico for saturated fats, and from 10.3% in UK to 37.9% in Mexico for fiber. Higher reductions would be observed for diets with multiple nutrient inadequacies: from 27.3% in UK to 77.7% in Australia for ≥3 and from 69.4% in Canada to 92.1% in US, for 4 inadequacies.ConclusionsLowering dietary contribution of UPF to levels among country-specific lowest consumers is a way to improve population cardiometabolic-related dietary nutrient profiles.     

Effects of Highly Consumed Dietary Oils on Several Hepatic Transaminases and Lipid Oxidation in Chick

The incidence of cardiovascular disease is well correlated with diets high in saturated fatty acids (such as butter). On the other hand, oils, which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., sunflower oil and corn oils), reduce cholesterol synthesis and thus show protective effects against arteriosclerosis. However, sunflower oil and corn oil are also considered as risk factors for their sensitivities to free radical formation because of their high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The aim of the present study described herein was to investigate the production of reactive oxygen metabolites (an indicator of oxidative stress) and the activities of several transaminases (markers of hepatic injury) in chick liver treated with highly consumed dietary oils (differing in the degree of saturation). The animals were randomly assigned to six groups of 29 and fed dietary butter, margarine, olive oil, sunflower oil, or corn oil for 2 months. The results indicated that the level of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) was lowest in the dietary butter-fed group but highest in the corn oil-fed group. Similarly, the activities of all transaminases measured were lowest in the butter group, and in the margarine-fed group only the Gama-glutamyl transaminase activity was lowest as compared to the control group. From these findings, it was concluded that the dietary butter was the most resistant oil to lipid oxidation, whereas corn oil was the most susceptible one, which may thus challenge the antioxidant defense system and increase the susceptibility of tissues to degradation products of lipid oxidation.     

动脉粥样硬化大鼠实验模型的建立

目的 :建立动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型。方法 :4 0只雄性 Wistar大鼠随机分成对照组 (10只 )和实验组 (30只 )。实验组在喂食开始时一次性腹腔注射维生素 D 6 0万 IU / kg,喂食高脂饲料 ;对照组给予同等体积的生理盐水 ,喂食基础饲料。观察主动脉、心脏、肝脏的病理变化 ,并根据病变程度评分。结果 :对照组大鼠未出现明显病变。实验组大鼠 2周后未出现明显病变。4周后大鼠主动脉出现动脉粥样硬化斑块 ,病变评分为 0 .5 0± 0 .39;冠状血管仅出现少量脂质浸润 ;心肌组织有少量脂质沉积 ;肝脏切片油红 O染色呈强阳性。 6周后主动脉斑块增多 ,病变评分为 0 .75± 0 .34;冠状动脉形成典型动脉粥样硬化病变 ,病变评分为 1.12± 0 .4 8;心肌组织脂质沉积严重 ,病变区心肌细胞胞质内出现大量红染颗粒。其发病病理过程与人类相似。结论 :成功建立了快速简便的大鼠动脉粥样硬化模型 ,可用于动脉粥样硬化的病理及药理研究     

Replacements for Trans Fats—Will There Be an Oil Shortage?

Manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to create trans fats in order to increase the shelf life of baked and fried foods. Ingestion of trans fats is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A groundswell of public sentiment is causing regulatory bodies to ban the use of trans fats in foods. Alternatives to trans fats are needed now in order to preserve the freshness and provide an appealing texture of many packaged foods. As trans fats become phased out, there are eight types of approaches currently being developed to substitute for these fats as ingredients for baked and fried foods: (1) modified hydrogenation, (2) genetically modified seeds, (3) interesterification, (4) fractionation and blending, (5) butter and animal fat, (6) natural saturated oils, (7) natural unsaturated oils, and (8) fat substitutes. These alternatives to trans fats will require close scrutiny to ascertain whether they will also turn out to be linked with cardiovascular disease.