残障人口腔疾病的临床治疗

随着人类预期寿命的增加和社会老龄化,残障人必将有所增加。大多数的残障人口腔疾病患病率高、治疗率低,对残障人的口腔疾病治疗需要花费更多的时间与沟通,治疗程序也更为复杂,国内外都少有专注残障人口腔医疗的专门机构,对残障人的口腔治疗技术也没有固定的原则与规范可寻。本文就残障人口腔疾病患病情况,临床治疗特点,治疗前的准备与医患沟通,口腔疾病治疗影响因素评估,治疗规范与原则进行全面分析,针对不同种类的残障人,提出在口腔疾病治疗中的特殊需求和注意事项等针对性的处理原则。     

Neural signatures of fairness‐related normative decision making in the ultimatum game: A coordinate‐based meta‐analysis

The willingness to incur personal costs to enforce prosocial norms represents a hallmark of human civilization. Although recent neuroscience studies have used the ultimatum game to understand the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie the enforcement of fairness norms; however, a precise characterization of the neural systems underlying fairness‐related norm enforcement remains elusive. In this study, we used a coordinate‐based meta‐analysis on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using the ultimatum game with the goal to provide an additional level of evidence for the refinement of the underlying neural architecture of this human puzzling behavior. Our results demonstrated a convergence of reported activation foci in brain networks associated with psychological components of fairness‐related normative decision making, presumably reflecting a reflexive and intuitive system (System 1) and a reflective and deliberate system (System 2). System 1 (anterior insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex [PFC]) may be associated with the reflexive and intuitive responses to norm violations, representing a motivation to punish norm violators. Those intuitive responses conflict with economic self‐interest, encoded in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which may engage cognitive control from a reflective and deliberate System 2 to resolve the conflict by either suppressing (ventrolateral PFC, dorsomedial PFC, left dorsolateral PFC, and rostral ACC) the intuitive responses or over‐riding self‐interest (right dorsolateral PFC). Taken together, we suggest that fairness‐related norm enforcement recruits an intuitive system for rapid evaluation of norm violations and a deliberate system for integrating both social norms and self‐interest to regulate the intuitive system in favor of more flexible decision making. Hum Brain Mapp 36:591–602, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc .     

In Memory of Our Editorial Board Member Prof. ZHANG Zhi-nan

Prof.ZHANG Zhi-nan,China＇s famous hematologist,member of the editorial board of Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine,passed away at the age of 84 on July 18,2014 in Beijing.Prof.Zhang was born in Beijing in 1929 and graduated from Peiking Union Medical College in 1954.After graduating from the Peiking Union Medical College Hospital,he had worked in the Internal Department and Hematology Department,     

销售人员、安全服务人员、技术工人职业紧张常模及应用表研制

目的研究销售人员、安全服务人员、技术工人职业紧张常模、应用图表、分级标准。方法采用职业紧张量表(OSI-R),对1370例常模样本进行研究,其中销售人员136例、安全服务人员331例、技术工人903例。结果首先,采用OSI-R量表分别研制了销售人员、安全服务人员、技术工人职业紧张常模;其次,在常模的基础上,分别研制了销售人员、安全服务人员、技术工人常模样本粗分转换为T分表。职业紧张程度分级:职业任务和紧张反应问卷中,T分≥70分者,为高度职业紧张、紧张反应;T分在60~69分者,为中度职业紧张、紧张反应;T分在40~59分者,为适度职业紧张和紧张反应;处于正常范围。T分<40分者,为相对缺乏职业紧张和紧张反应。在应对资源问卷中,T分低于30分者,表明高度缺乏应对资源;T分在30~39分者,表明中度缺乏应对资源;T分在40~59分者,具有适度的应对资源,属于正常范围;T分>60分者,表明有很强的应对资源。结论将职业紧张的模式结合销售人员、安全服务人员、技术工人职业紧张常模及应用表、图,分别针对不同个体主要紧张源,紧张反应、应对资源,采取有针对性的干预(组织、个体)措施,以降低销售人员、安全服务人员、技术工人职业紧张程度,保护和促进工作能力是职业卫生领域面临的重要任务之一。     

0～4岁小儿发育诊断量表的研究

为了制定一项适合国情的婴幼儿诊断量表.方法 自1980年起,在北京经过纵查、横查,提出预测量表,继与全国12市协作进行标准化,共收集了15000余名婴幼儿神经、心理发育资料,提供了正常婴幼儿神经、心理发育常模,制定了量表.结果 该量表具有领域全面、项目适当、操作简便、评分明确、信度及效度均高等优点.结论 建立我国婴幼儿神经、心理发育标准.     

成功建设和实施医院信息系统(HIS)的关键所在

医院信息系统(HIS)作为医院现代化建设的重要手段,已经得到各医院的广泛重视。而且,随着计算机软、硬件及网络技术的迅猛发展,医院建立计算机管理信息系统的信息技术已基本趋于成熟。但几年来,我国各地医院开展的HIS建设中十分成功的例子屈指可数,笔者结合多家医院HIS建设中的经验,对国内外几个典型案例进行了研究和分析,试图在该系统建设和实施过程中找到成功的关键所在及具体对策。     

The effect of single serving versus entire package nutritional information on consumption norms and actual consumption of a snack food

OBJECTIVE: Increasing serving sizes have been identified as contributors to the obesity epidemic. Researchers suggest that consumers are in need of cues that provide norms for the appropriate amount of food to consume. The impact of one potential cue, the provision of nutritional information for a single serving as well as the entire package ("dual-column labels") versus single-serving nutritional information only ("single-column labels"), was investigated on the consumption of a snack food for dieters and nondieters. DESIGN: In a between-subjects experimental design, participants were provided with a snack food product and nutrition label. After the opportunity for consumption, they were provided with a survey instrument. SETTING: The study took place in a classroom setting. PARTICIPANTS: Undergraduate students were randomly assigned to the single-column versus dual-column label treatment groups and were classified as dieters (n = 45) or nondieters (n = 67) based on self-reported dieting behavior. INTERVENTION: Participants were exposed to either a single-column or dual-column nutrition label. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceptions of consumption norms; use, importance, and understanding of nutrition labels; and the actual amount consumed by each individual were measured. ANALYSIS: Analysis of variance was used to analyze data from the study. RESULTS: Nondieting participants, but not dieting participants, ate significantly less when exposed to the dual-column label compared to the single-column label (P < .05). Although there was a significant difference in the amount consumed by dieters and nondieters in the case of the single-column label (P < .05), the presence of a dual-column label attenuated this effect. In addition, dieters reported paying greater attention to (P < .01), better perceived the necessity of (P < .01), and had better understanding of (P < .05) label information than nondieters. In addition, dieters considered the provided serving to be more adequate than nondieters (P < .05). IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: Compared to standard, single-column labels, dual-column nutritional labels have a greater impact on the snack food consumption of nondieters.     

College student drinking: perception of the norm and behavioral intentions

Social norm campaigns assume that college students desire to increase their drinking, and may eventually do so, to match inflated perceptions of peer drinking. We assessed 171 college students on self-reported drinking, desired drinking and perception of peer drinking at baseline, and assessed 139 of those students one month later. Participants who believed their peers drank more than they were hypothesized to desire to increase their alcohol consumption to match the perceived norm. This hypothesis was not supported; however, 91% of participants believed their peers drank more than themselves. It was also hypothesized that participants who wished to drink more would drink more in the future. Participants who desired to increase their drinking did not report a significant change in drinking behavior one month later, but participants who initially desired to maintain or decrease their drinking reported significant decreases across the following month. College student overestimation of peer drinking and the college environment are discussed. Social norm campaigns should consider behavioral intentions, and the underlying assumptions of these campaigns should be further tested.     

261名护理实习面试学员心理健康状况的调查分析

目的了解参加临床实习面试护理学员心理健康状况。方法应用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对四川省某市三所医学院校261名参加临床实习面试的护理学员进行问卷调查。结果参加实习面试的护理学员SCL-90总分、躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、敌对及偏执的因子分均显著低于全国常模(P<0.01),只有精神病性因子分显著高于全国常模(P=0.01)。学校3学员的总分、阳性项目数、抑郁、焦虑、躯体化和敌对的因子分显著高于学校2学员(P<0.05,P<0.01)。独生子女的人际关系、抑郁、敌对、恐怖因子分显著低于非独生子女(P<0.05,P<0.01)。本科学员和大专学员、城市学员和农村学员各项测评结果没有显著差别。结论受试护理专业学生的心理健康状况良好,受试独生子女的心理健康状况优于非独生子女,不同学校学生的心理健康状况可能不同。