聚β—羟基烷酸酯共混改性研究进展

聚β－羟基烷酸酯作为一种生物降解、生物相容的微生物合成材料，具有广阔的应用前景，但其成本高、质脆，特别是加工温度区间窄，大大限制了其应用。就宾结构特点，质脆的原因，共混改性的手段、尤其是近几年混改性的进展作了综述。     

Direct Impairment of Vascular Function by Diesel Exhaust Particulate through Reduced Bioavailability of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide Induced by Superoxide Free Radicals

Background

Diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) is a key arbiter of the adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution.

Objectives

We assessed the in vitro effects of DEP on vascular function, nitric oxide (NO) availability, and the generation of oxygen-centered free radicals.

Methods

We assessed the direct vascular effects of DEP (10–100 μg/mL) in isolated rat aortic rings using myography. We investigated NO scavenging and oxygen-centered free radical generation using an NO electrode and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) with the Tempone-H (1-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidine) spin trap, respectively.

Results

Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was attenuated by DEP (maximum relaxation reduced from 91 ± 4% to 49 ± 6% with 100 μg/mL DEP; p < 0.001) but was restored by superoxide dismutase (SOD; maximum relaxation, 73 ± 6%; p < 0.001). DEP caused a modest inhibition of relaxation to NO donor drugs, an effect that could be reversed by SOD (p < 0.01). At 10 μg/mL, DEP did not affect verapamil-induced relaxation (p = 0.73), but at 100 μg/mL DEP inhibited relaxation (p < 0.001) by a mechanism independent of SOD. NO concentrations generated by 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-diazenolate-2-oxide (DEA/NO; 10 μM) were reduced by DEP (100 μg/mL; from 5.2 ± 0.4 to 3.3 ± 0.4 μM; p = 0.002). Free radical generation was increased by DEP (10 μg/mL; 9-fold increase in EPR spectra; p = 0.004) in a manner that could be attenuated by SOD (p = 0.015).

Conclusions

DEP caused oxidative stress through the generation of oxygen-centered free radicals that reduced the bioavailability of endothelium-derived NO without prior interaction with the lung or vascular tissue. These findings provide a mechanism for the adverse cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution.     

Role of Paris PM2.5 components in the pro-inflammatory response induced in airway epithelial cells

Particulate matter (PM) is suspected to play a role in environmentally-induced pathologies. Due to its complex composition, the contribution of each PM components to PM-induced biological effects remains unclear.     

梁启超中西合璧的现代人格修养论

梁启超一直把改造国民性、提高国民素质作为强国新民的重要方式.其关于国民人格修养的思想集中体现了现代人格的特征.在人格论述上,梁启超把人格看作是合神格与兽格而成,人格的全部意义即在于调和神格与兽格使两者不偏轻偏重.因此他提出既要树立国民的尚武精神.又要打通道德与情感的通道,达致精神的增进.通过汇通中西,梁启超赋予人格修养以科学内涵,将其亲身领悟的西方现代文化的精髓与滋养其思想成长的传统文化的底蕴融入到他为强国新民而设计出的理想现代人格方法中.建立起了一套现代人格修养论.     

Diesel exhaust particles induce endothelial dysfunction in apoE-/- mice

BACKGROUND: Particulate air pollution can aggravate cardiovascular disease by mechanisms suggested to involve translocation of particles to the bloodstream and impairment of endothelial function, possibly dependent on present atherosclerosis. AIM: We investigated the effects of exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) in vivo and ex vivo on vasomotor functions in aorta from apoE(-/-) mice with slight atherosclerosis and from normal apoE(+/+) mice. METHODS: DEP 0, 0.5 or 5 mg/kg bodyweight in saline was administered i.p. The mice were sacrificed 1 h later and aorta ring segments were mounted on wire myographs. Segments from unexposed mice were also incubated ex vivo with 0, 10 and 100 microg DEP/ml before measurement of vasomotor functions. RESULTS: Exposure to 0.5 mg/kg DEP in vivo caused a decrease in the endothelium-dependent acetylcholine elicited vasorelaxation in apoE(-/-) mice, whereas the response was enhanced in apoE(+/+) mice. No significant change was observed after administration of 5 mg/kg DEP. In vivo DEP exposure did not affect constriction induced by K(+) or phenylephrine. In vitro exposure to 100 microg DEP/ml enhanced acetylcholine-induced relaxation and attenuated phenylephrine-induced constriction. Vasodilation induced by sodium nitroprusside was not affected by any DEP exposure. CONCLUSION: Exposure to DEP has acute effect on vascular functions. Endothelial dysfunction possibly due to decreased NO production as suggested by decreased acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation and unchanged sodium nitroprusside response can be induced by DEP in vivo only in vessels of mice with some atherosclerosis.     

Bilateral vagotomy or atropine pre-treatment reduces experimental diesel-soot induced lung inflammation

To investigate the role of the vagus nerve in acute inflammatory and cardiorespiratory responses to diesel particulate (DP) in the rat airway, we measured changes in respiration, blood pressure and neutrophils in lungs of urethane anesthetized Wistar rats 6-h post-instillation of DP (500 microg) and studied the effect of mid-cervical vagotomy or atropine (1 mg kg(-1)) pre-treatment. In conscious rats, we investigated DP, with and without atropine pre-treatment. DP increased neutrophil level in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid from intact anesthetized rats to 2.5+/-0.7x10(6) cells (n=8), compared with saline instillation (0.3+/-0.1x10(6), n=7; P<0.05). Vagotomy reduced DP neutrophilia to 0.8+/-0.2x10(6) cells (n=8; P<0.05 vs. intact); atropine reduced DP-induced neutrophilia to 0.3+/-0.2x10(6) (n=4; P<0.05). In conscious rats, DP neutrophilia of 8.5+/-1.8x10(6), n=4, was reduced by pre-treatment with atropine to 2.2+/-1.2x10(6) cells, n=3. Hyperventilation occurred 6 h after DP in anesthetized rats with intact vagi, but not in bilaterally vagotomized or atropine pre-treated animals and was abolished by vagotomy (P<0.05, paired test). There were no significant differences in the other variables (mean blood pressure, heart rate and heart rate variability) measured before and 360 min after DP. In conclusion, DP activates a pro-inflammatory vago-vagal reflex which is reduced by atropine. Muscarinic ACh receptors in the rat lung are involved in DP-induced neutrophilia, and hence muscarinic antagonists may reduce airway and/or cardiovascular inflammation evoked by inhaled atmospheric DP in susceptible individuals.     

Diesel exhaust particles disturb gene expression in mouse testis

Inhalation of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has been found to reduce sperm production. There is a possibility that DEP exposure elicits changes in gene expression in testis. To identify the alteration of gene expression resulting from DEP exposure, we constructed subtracted cDNA libraries from mouse testis using the suppression subtractive hybridization method. We isolated 16 candidate clones whose expression levels changed after exposure. Some of these candidates were highly similar to known testis-specific genes. Some of the clones also seemed to correlate with spermatogenesis. Northern blot analysis revealed that DEP exposure changed the expression levels of several clones in a dose-dependent manner. For example, the expression of clone R8, which was very similar to human XRRA1, increased by 2.3-fold in testis after DEP exposure. On the other hand, the expressions of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 6 (Acsl6) and serine/threonine kinase 35 reduced by 0.3-fold. These results indicated that some constituents of DEP alter gene expression in the testis.     

宋明理学与道家道教之关系

宋明儒在对隋唐佛道兴盛、儒学衰微之因做深刻反思的基础上，吸收了道家道教的心性论、本体论、生成论、修养论并将之融入儒学，使儒学更加精致和完满，促进了儒学复兴并重拾思想主导地位。与此相反，道家道教之地位却日益旁落，为了生存和发展，不得不做出理论调适，从宋明理学之性善论、修身论、伦理观、治世观等吸取养分，对道家道教产生了深远影响。其结果是道教走出山林，走向民间，更具普适性，但也因此渐失本真，渐趋衰微。总而言之，宋明理学与道家道教既为维护各自的道脉和学统而对抗斗争，又为发展自身理论而相互融摄，表现为互融互摄、相资为用的特点，但殊途而同归，共同推动了中国哲学和文化的发展。     

Evaluation of the genetic toxicity of middle distillate fuels

Petroleum middle distillate (PMD) fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons that distill between ～ 170-370°C. Commercial products that fall into this category include kerosine, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and home heating oil. These products contain both saturated (paraffins and cycloparaffins) and aromatic species, but because of the boiling range normally contain very small amounts of the 3-6 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents, which are considered to be carcinogenic. Nevertheless, there is evidence of weak tumorigenic activity when these materials are repeatedly applied to mouse skin. In the current studies representative products were tested in two commonly used, short-term assays for genetic toxicity, the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. All samples were inactive in the micronucleus assay, and three were clearly inactive in the Salmonella test. Of the remaining two, one was marginally active in the Salmonella assay, and one was equivocal. The marginally active sample contained detectable levels of PAH due to the use of catalytically cracked materials as blending stocks. The results indicated that PMDs that do not contain cracked material were not mutagenic. Thus they may produce tumors via nongenotoxic processes. Those products that do contain cracked stocks may have sufficient PAH to be mutagenic in the Salmonella assay, and in those cases the PAH might also contribute to tumor formation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

催化裂化柴油萃取-光化学反应深度脱硫

采用液液萃取-光化学脱硫组合工艺，研究不同体系的光致脱硫效果，探讨了二苯甲酮敏化催化裂化柴油中脱硫反应的动力学并与二甲亚砜（DMSO）直接萃取脱硫进行了比较。硫化物的光氧化产物用溶剂萃取法脱除，考察的溶剂为水／乙腈混合物及二甲亚砜。实验数据表明：在萃取剂与柴油的体积比为4：3、溶剂含水量φ=0．25的条件下，柴油脱硫率可达64％，收率949／6。对柴油原料及光氧化柴油抽出物进行了红外光谱分析，结果表明柴油中硫化物降解后的形态包括亚磺酸、亚砜和硫酸酯。