背景音乐在护理教学中的应用初探

目的:了解大专护生对《内科护理学》(以下简称"内护")教学的兴趣及其效果,探讨音乐背景式教学提高护生"内护"教学兴趣的效果。方法:对照组采用常规教学法,研究组增设音乐背景式教学,均在教学后进行问卷调查。结果:两组护生中分别有93.4%、96.7%对"内护"教学感兴趣,平均兴趣指数为2.89±0.948和3.22±0.932。增设音乐背景教学后,88.7%的护生对"内护"教学的兴趣及期末考试成绩均得以提高。结论:音乐背景式教学是提高护生"内护"教学兴趣的生动、有效的教学方法。     

The influence of stationary and moving textured backgrounds on smooth-pursuit initiation and steady state pursuit in humans

 We investigated the effects of stationary and moving textured backgrounds on the initiation and steady state of ocular pursuit using horizontally moving targets. We found that the initial eye acceleration was slightly reduced when a stationary textured background was employed, as compared to experiments with a homogeneous background. When a moving textured background was introduced, the initial eye acceleration was significantly larger when the target and the background moved in opposite directions than when the target and the background moved in the same direction. The use of stationary and moving textured backgrounds resulted in comparable effects on the initial eye acceleration when they were presented either as a large field or as a narrow, horizontal small field, only covering the trajectory of the target. Moreover, small-field stationary backgrounds slightly reduced the eye velocity during steady state pursuit. A small-field background moving in the opposite direction to the target distinctly reduced eye velocity, while a target and a background moving in the same direction sometimes even improved pursuit performance, when compared with a homogeneous background. The influences of small-field textured backgrounds on steady state pursuit were comparable with those of large-field backgrounds in both stationary and moving conditions. Received: 14 December 1996 / Accepted: 30 December 1996     

高本底放射性饮水对小鼠微核和精子的影响

随机将１２６只昆明种小白鼠分成３组，分别喂养自来水（对照组）和２种高本底放射性饮水（处理组），在喂养至第５０，１００，１５０天时按常规方法采集动物标本进行微核和精子畸形试验。结果显示：两处理组与对照组不同时相点的实验结果基本一致，提示实验浓度的高本底放射性饮水未观察到遗传毒性效应。     

阳江高本底和对照地区癌亡病例对照研究

本研究的目的是探索高本底和对照两地区癌亡与环境诱变因素问的关系, 以进一步分析造成两地区癌症死亡率差异的原因和正确地估价高本底辐射在其中的作用。所研究的肝癌、胃癌和肺癌病仞高本底地区分别为64、28和17例, 对照地区分别为75, 36和13例。病例和对照数的比例肝癌为1:1, 胃癌和肺癌为l:2.研究的因素包括职业, 受教育程度, 经济收入、居住史和居住条件等一般社会经济状况, 农药使用, 吸烟、饮酒、饮食以及医用诊断x线照射情况等。     

Non-pharmacological factors in drug treatment of anxiety states.

Forty-six outpatients with anxiety tension states took part in a study on the effects of anxiolytic drugs. After the first interview the subjects also filled in a questionnaire as to their expectations of treatment outcome (n=41) and their experience of the first consultation (n=42), and the doctors made a prognostic evaluation (n=46). The relations between these three factors and background variables as well as initial ratings and outcome as rated by the doctors at follow-up examinations after 2, 4, and 8 weeks were investigated. Expectations, experience, and prognosis were not related to each other. Less hopeful patients more often considered conflicts to be the exclusive cause of their disorder and they were rated higher on signs and on the variable difficulties in being with people. Patients with less favourable experience more often considered practical and economic difficulties to be a cause of their disorder. Single or divorced patients were more often judged to have a less favourable prognosis. More positive expectations and a favourable prognosis. More positive expectations and a favourable prognosis were to some extent related to a better outcome after 2 and 4 weeks and a favourable experience was to some extent related to a better outcome after 4 and 8 weeks.     

Child related background factors affecting compliance with induction of anaesthesia

BACKGROUND: Factors such as age, sex, behaviour problems, fears, earlier traumatic hospital events and reactions to vaccination were assessed together with behaviour observed before premedication in order to evaluate their importance in predicting response to the anaesthetic process. The anaesthetic process was divided into four endpoints; compliance when given premedication, sedation, compliance during needle insertion or when an anaesthetic mask was put in place and behaviour when put to sleep. METHODS: A total of 102 children who were undergoing day-stay surgery and overnight stay surgery were video-filmed during premedication and anaesthetic induction. Before premedication the children and parents answered questionnaires about behaviour [Preschool Behaviour Check List (PBCL)] and fears [Fears Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R)]. The films were analysed to assess behaviour before and after premedication and during induction of anaesthesia. A semistructured interview was conducted with the parents during the time the children were asleep. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher odds ratio for noncompliant behaviour during premedication if the child placed itself in the parent's lap or near the parent or had previously experienced traumatic hospital events. The odds ratio for not being sedated by premedication was higher if compliance was low when premedication was given or the child had experienced a traumatic hospital event in the past. A high odds ratio for noncompliant behaviour during venous access or placement of an anaesthetic mask was seen if the child was not sedated or the child had had a negative reaction when vaccinated. The odds ratio for falling asleep in an anxious or upset state was higher if the child had shown noncompliant behaviour during premedication, had not been sedated or had shown noncompliant behaviour during venous access or facemask placement. CONCLUSIONS: The overall most important factor that predicts noncompliant behaviour and a distressed state in the child during the anaesthetic process was the experience of earlier traumatic hospital events including negative reaction to vaccination. All elements of the process are important in determining what will happen and all steps will influence how the child reacts when put to sleep.     

广东阳江高本底地区居民癌症及其相关因素研究主要结果

目的综合分析阳江高本底地区居民癌症及其相关因素研究结果,讨论该研究的学术意义.方法合并分析19972～1986年和1987～1998年癌症死亡观察资料,同时分析混淆因素、人群可比性、人体免疫功能研究等资料.结果对环境和宿主的可能致癌与致突变因素进行分类研究表明两地区基本符合"齐同对比"原则,两人群是可比的;高本底地区居民白细胞介素-2分泌细胞(IL-2SC)水平明显高于对照;根据1979～1998年125079人共累积观察1992 940人年的癌症死亡率分析资料,整个高本底地区全癌死亡的相对危险为1.00(95%CI,0.89～1.14),与对照地区差异没有显著性,不同剂量组及其部位别的癌症死亡相对危险均未发现与剂量呈一致性变化趋势;全部实体癌的超额相对危险系数(ERR/Sv),在整个高本底地区估算为-0.06(95%CI,-0.60～0.67).结论未发现高本底地区居民癌症死亡增加,也未发现高本底地区有辐射相关的部位别癌症死亡的增加,相反,存在高本底辐射刺激免疫功能增强的趋势.     

Risk factors for dopaminergic neuron loss in human alpha-synuclein transgenic mice

Genetic background, pesticide exposure, age, gender, diet and lifestyle are implicated risk factors in Parkinson's disease. We demonstrate dopamine neuron loss and other features of Parkinsonism based on the interaction of several of these human risk factors in transgenic mice expressing human alpha-synuclein. Mice expressing different forms of human alpha-synuclein had progressive declines in locomotor activity and abnormal responses to apomorphine that were modified by transgenic status. Stereological counts of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons significantly declined with age only in the transgenic lines, consistent with a constant or decreasing risk, with the line expressing a double-mutant form of human alpha-synuclein more severely affected than the line expressing wild-type human alpha-synuclein. Treatment with Mn2+-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and paraquat resulted in significantly greater effects in the double-mutant line than the other lines. Inclusions were not identified in the transgenic lines. Overexpression of human alpha-synuclein had adverse effects on substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons that were modified by risk factors interacting in humans, including human alpha-synuclein mutations, ageing, and exposure to pesticides.