Postoperative pain management—clinical practice is still not optimal

Major progress in clinical pain assessment and management has been achieved in the last decade. More effective analgesic drugs and improved techniques for pain management have been introduced. However, medical reports published during the last few years on postoperative pain management (POPM) indicate that moderate or even severe pain is still rather commonly experienced by surgical patients in the early postoperative period and that worst-pain-episodes may occur even in the late postoperative phase. Insufficient relief of postoperative pain seems a more common problem on surgical wards than on a postanaesthesia care unit (PACU). The aims of POPM are to inhibit autonomic trauma-induced nociceptive impulses that may result in functional disturbances of vital organs and thereby affect the incidence of potentially severe complications influencing clinical outcome. Considering that recent studies continue to show sub-optimal pain management despite the availability of effective drugs and analgesic techniques it must be considered essential to identify possible barriers to effective pain management in clinical practice so that necessary improvements in POPM routines can be carried out.     

马克思人道主义的哲学路径

马克思登上哲学舞台伊始 ,就深怀着强烈的人道主义情愫 ,这种情愫逐步生长 ,最终构成了马克思历史观的基本内核。高扬自我意识 ,崇尚自由精神 ,吁求自然主义与人道主义和谐的共产主义 ,是青年马克思作为理想人道主义者的价值取向。从超验走向经验 ,以实践本体解构逻辑本体 ,马克思为自己的实践人道主义奠定了哲学基石。从现实的个人出发 ,批判非人的资本主义制度 ,谋求工人阶级的解放 ,并把人的自由而全面的发展作为最高价值诉求 ,马克思在社会历史发展的必然性中找到了人道主义的理想归宿     

护理导师制教学法的临床应用研究

目的:为培养适应在新医学模式下开展以病人为中心整体护理工作的护理人员,改革传统临床教学模式,采用护理导师教学法,以提高教学质量.方法:制定导师职责,制定导师的选择聘任标准,制定导师培训方案,实施导师制教学法的临床过程,实行双向教学评价,通过以上活动达到提高教学质量的效果.结果:320余名实习学生调查表明,12%的学生认为护理导师教学法形式明显优于其它教学形式,82%的学生认为优于其它教学形式.结论:护理导师教学法提高了临床教学水平和导师的整体素质,也促进了临床护理质量和临床教学质量的不断提高.     

Undergraduate psychiatry teaching in Ethiopia

Many epidemiological studies have shown the magnitude and seriousness of mental disorders in developing countries. However, mental health care remains unsatisfactory owing to lack of skilled manpower and many other social and medical priorities. General practitioners and other health personnel can significantly help in extending mental health care provided they receive adequate training during their medical curriculum. With this aim, the Department of Psychiatry at Addis Ababa University runs a 6-week full-time course for undergraduate medical students. Its chief objectives, teaching methods, achievements and shortcomings are discussed in the paper.     

浅谈启发式教学法在肾脏病学教学中的应用

随着素质教育的全面推进,以教师为主导、学生为主体,通过学生主动学习、促进主体个性发展的教学思想和教学方法日渐重要。教学方法的改革已由过去的以"教"为重心,逐步转移到以"学"为重心,教学方法由过去的单一化向多元化发展。良好的教学方法有利于向学生传授知识,培养学生的学习兴趣、学习能力,激励学习动机。文章根据教学实践,就启发式教学法在肾脏病教学中的具体应用进行了分析。     

How Can and Do Australian Doctors Promote Physical Activity?

Background.Physical inactivity is recognized as an important public health issue. Yet little is known about doctors' knowledge, attitude, skills, and resources specifically relating to the promotion of physical activity. Our survey assessed the current practice, perceived desirable practice, confidence, and barriers related to the promotion of physical activity in family practice.Methods.A questionnaire was developed and distributed to all 1,228 family practitioners in Perth, Western Australia.Results.We received a 71% response (n= 789). Family practitioners are most likely to recommend walking to sedentary adults to improve fitness and they are aware of the major barriers to patients participating in physical activity. Doctors are less confident at providing specific advice on exercise and may require further skills, knowledge, and experience. Although they promote exercise to patients through verbal advice in the consultation, few use written materials or referral systems.Conclusions.There are significant differences between self-reports of current practice and perceived desirable practice in the promotion of physical activity by doctors. Future strategies need to address the self-efficacy of family physicians and involve resources of proven effectiveness. The potential of referral systems for supporting efforts to increase physical activity by Australians should be explored.     

Developing ‘FOCUS’: A project to promote effective practice in child and adolescent mental health services in the UK

Summary UK health policy requires child and adolescent mental health service providers to demonstrate that their services are effective. The FOCUS project has been developed to improve the availability and accessibility of research evidence and innovation, to support purchasers in the effective commissioning of services and to help providers base service provision on evidence of effectiveness and develop methods of evaluation.