无锡市城市社区人群2型糖尿病患病现况调查

目的：了解和掌握中国城市社区自然人群2型糖尿病患病特点和主要影响因素。方法：采用整群抽样的方法,抽取无锡市城区二个行政区域内的二个街道中的4个居委会内居住1年以上（包括1年）的20岁以上居民,通过检测空腹血糖和面对面询问方法进行糖尿病患病率和影响因素调查。结果：无锡市城市社区2型糖尿患病率为10.20%,标化患病率为6.78%,其中现患标化患病率为4.66%,新发标化患病率为2.12%,空腹血糖受损标化患病率为1.85%;超重、肥胖人群和高血压人群中2型糖尿病和空腹血糖受损明显高于正常人群;高血糖和高血压、肥胖关系密切,糖尿病与年龄、职业、文化程度等多种因素有关。结论：无锡市糖尿病患病状况较严重,应针对高危人群开展综合防治工作。     

Paradoxical Effects of Alcohol Information on Alcohol Outcome Expectancies

Background: Cognitive associations with alcohol predict both current and future use in youth and young adults. Much cognitive and social cognitive research suggests that exposure to information may have unconscious influences on thinking and behavior. The present study assessed the impact of information statements on the accessibility of alcohol outcome expectancies. Methods: The 2 studies reported here investigated the effects of exposure to alcohol statements typical of informational approaches to prevention on the accessibility of alcohol outcome expectancies. High school and university students were presented with information statements about the effects of alcohol and other commercial products. The alcohol statements were taken from expectancy questionnaires. Some of these statements were presented as facts and others as myths. The retention of detailed information about these statements was manipulated by (i) divided attention versus focused attention or (ii) immediate versus delayed testing. Accessibility of personal alcohol outcome expectancies was subsequently measured using an open‐ended question about the expected effects of alcohol. Results: Participants reported more alcohol outcomes seen during the information task as personal expectations about the effects of alcohol use than similar unseen items. Paradoxically, myth statements were also more likely to be reported as expectancies than unseen items in all conditions. Additionally, myth statements were generated less often than fact statements only under the condition of immediate testing with strong content processing instructions. Conclusions: These observations are consistent with findings from cognitive research where familiarity in the absence of explicit memory can have an unconscious influence on performance. In particular, the exposure to these items in an informational format increases accessibility of the seen items even when the participants were told that they were myths. The findings have implications for the development of effective prevention materials.     

气候因素对寒冷性荨麻疹与膀胱炎的影响与意义

通过观察原发性获得性寒冷性荨麻疹与膀胱炎的病例,结合文献,分析了气候因素对寒冷性荨麻疹与膀胱炎的影响与意义。暴露在寒冷环境、受到局部全身冷刺激发展为荨麻疹,诊断为原发性获得性寒冷性荨麻疹。论述了诊断与治疗。根据气候条件,避免寒冷,及时诊断和治疗是非常重要的。     

The adaptation of renal urea excretion after unilateral nephrectomy and after overloading with urea

Summary Urea and inulin clearances were measured in unanesthetized rats 5 and 50 h, and 2–3 weeks after unilateral nephrectomy. At identical i-v infusion rates, urine flow in the uninephrectomized animals was similar to that of sham-operated controls. In the low range of urine flow rates, fractional urea excretion was higher in recently uninephrectomized animals than in controls. The increase appeared to be the consequence of the increased fractional excretion of water. At higher rates of urine flow, and after large loads of urea, the single kidney excreted urea in a manner similar to that of control kidneys. Urea clearances were, in 148/150 clearance determinations, lower than the simultaneously measured inulin clearances. A large increase of GFR was observed in rats chronically loaded and acutely infused with urea.Supported by Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique, Grant No. 3440.70.     

Discriminatory Mass De-housing and Low-Weight Births: Scales of Geography,Time, and Level

Struening et al.1 demonstrated a widening disparity of low birthweight (LOB) rates among New York City health areas from 1980–1986, clearly a dynamic process. In contrast, the New York City Department of Health reported static citywide LOB rate in 1988–2008.2 Struening et al.1 is extended here at the health district level with mapping and regression analyses. Additionally, birthweight data are reported for babies born in 1998–2001 to a group of African-American and Dominican women in Upper Manhattan. The data reported in this paper indicate that both fetal programming of the mother herself (life course model) and stress during or shortly before pregnancy may play a role in LOB. Current stress may arise from past events. Intergenerational effects, thus, could arise from stresses on the grandmother and their residual impacts on the mother as well as new stresses on the mother as an adult. The average weight of babies born to the Upper Manhattan mothers who were born in 1970–1974 was 3,466 g, with 1.6% below 2,500 g; that of babies of mothers born in 1975–1979, 3,320 g, with 6% below 2,500 g. The latter group was born during the 1975–1979 housing destruction. Intergenerational impacts of that event may be reflected in this elevated rate of LOB. Health district maps of LOB incidence ranges show improvement from 1990–2000 and then deterioration in 2005 and 2008. Bivariate regressions of socioeconomic (SE) factors and LOB incidence showed many strong associations in 1990; but by 2000, the number and strength of these associations declined. In 1990, 2000, and 2008, black segregation was the SE factor most strongly associated with LOB. Black segregation and murder rate explained about 85% of the pattern of 1990 LOB. Regressing the 1970–1980 percent population change against the SE factors showed effects even in 2000. The 1990 murder rate and 1989 percentage of public assistance explained over half the 2008 LOB incidence pattern. The housing destruction of the 1970s continued to influence LOB incidence indirectly in 2008. The ability of community and individual to cope with current stressors may hinge on resilience status, which is shaped by past events and circumstances. The present interacts with the past in many ways. Serial displacement exemplifies this interaction of immense importance to public health.     

Conference Summary: Consensus Conference on Alcohol Dependence and the Role of Pharmacotherapy in its Treatment

Alcoholism, a major public health problem throughout the world, causes enormous damage to health and quality of life and undermines the well-being of families and society. It is associated with liver disease, cancer, cardiovascular problems, accidental deaths, suicides, and homicides. Because of the internationally recognized severity of this disease, this consensus conference was convened to bring together leading international experts to share ideas with regard to current research in the areas of alcohol dependency and treatment, and to discuss the future directions for the pharmacotherapy of alcoholism. The work presented at this conference points to a substantial evolution in the ability of researchers to understand the mechanism by which alcohol acts on the brain and reinforces the concept that alcoholism is a disease of brain chemistry, with a hereditary predisposition that is triggered by psychological and/or environmental factors that are thus far unidentified. The consensus statements proposed by the participants at the close of the conference highlight the definition, etiology, and prevention of alcoholism, as well as current and potential treatments and recommendations that can be used to guide future pharmacologic research.     

Drinking motives in female smokers: factor structure, alcohol dependence, and genetic influences

Background: Alcohol and tobacco use often co‐occur. Human and animal studies indicate that nicotine increases alcohol’s rewarding effects and the motivation to consume it. The aims of this study were to examine whether the factorial architecture of self‐reported motivations to consume alcohol differed between regular and nonregular cigarette smokers while taking into account the lifetime history of alcohol dependence and psychopathology, and to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on the motivations. Methods: Using data on 2,189 monozygotic and dizygotic female twins, we examined the factorial structure (item thresholds and factor loadings, means, and variances) of the items from the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) in regular and nonregular smokers. Post hoc tests examined the association between the latent drinking motives factors and alcohol dependence in both groups. Twin models were fitted to the latent drinking motives factors, testing for variations in the magnitude of additive genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental influences between the groups. Results: The 4 DMQ factors (social, conformity, coping, and enhancement) were recovered in both groups, and their measurement structure was consistent across the groups. Regular smokers reported higher levels of coping, enhancement, and social motives while nonregular smokers reported higher conformity motives. Alcohol dependence was associated with higher scores on all motives in both groups; however, in a regression analysis that included all of the motives as predictor variables, only coping was significantly related to alcohol dependence. While twin models revealed evidence for substantially greater genetic influences on enhancement (h² = 0.40), coping (h² = 0.35) and social (h² = 0.37) drinking motives in regular compared to nonregular smokers, the power to statistically distinguish the 2 groups was low. Conclusions: While the measurement structure of the drinking motive factors appears to be similar across regular and nonregular smokers, regular smokers report more motivation to drink for internal affect‐related reasons and to obtain social reward. Of all the motives, coping was the most robust predictor of alcohol dependence in both the regular and the nonregular smokers. Further, genetic influences might play a larger role in drinking motives among regular smokers, which provides tentative evidence for latent genetic × smoking status interactions.