小儿脑瘫与弓形虫感染关系的研究

目的 探讨海南小儿不明原因脑瘫与弓形虫感染的关系,为诊治小儿脑瘫提供依据,方法 以住院确诊不明原因脑瘫患儿为研究组,体检正常的小儿为对照组,比较两组弓形虫抗体ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ、循环抗原（ＣＡｇ）、ＤＮＡ的四项检测,分析弓形虫感染与脑瘫的关系。结果 研究组检测 ７９例脑瘫患儿中,弓形虫阳性３３例,感染率为４１．８％,对照组检测２６９例中,弓形虫阳性２３例,感染率为８．６％,两组对比差别非常显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论 弓形虫感染是海南不明原因脑瘫患儿的主要原因之一,对于孕妇、新生儿和婴幼儿的弓形虫感染检测,是防治脑瘫发生的手段之一。     

Toxic Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile colitis: No longer a diarrhea associated infection

BackgroundClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is traditionally taught to be an antibiotic associated diarrheal infection. This diagnosis is based on the presence of clinical symptoms (usually defined as more than 3 watery, loose or unformed stool within 24 h) coupled with a diagnostic test. There is now a new presentation of CDI, including progression to toxic megacolon, in patients without diarrhea.MethodsWe report a case series of 9 surgical patients from a single institution who developed CDI without preceding diarrhea.ResultAll 9 patients had CDI with positive laboratory testing for C. difficile toxin. They, however, presented with a lack of or minimal bowel movements. Six patients had rapid development of abdominal distention, 1 patient had a single episode of watery stool in 3 days, while the other 2 patients presented with constipation. Seven patients received stool softeners, suppositories and/or enemas for presumed constipation. Four patients had a mild course of infection and were successfully treated medically. The other 5 patients developed toxic megacolon, and eventually required total abdominal colectomy. Out of the 5 patients that required total colectomy, 2 expired.ConclusionCDI must be suspected in patients who rapidly develop abdominal distention, vague abdominal complaints or change in bowel function even in the absence of diarrhea, especially if coupled with multi-system organ failure.     

《中西医结合防治小儿腹泻病专家共识》解读

小儿腹泻病是儿童消化系统最常见的疾病,2022年中国中西医结合学会儿科专业委员会制定了《中西医结合防治小儿腹泻病专家共识》。现结合临床实践及最新的研究结果,对《中西医结合防治小儿腹泻病专家共识》中小儿腹泻病的发病机制、诊断和治疗中的重点内容进行解读,以期加深医务工作者对《中西医结合防治小儿腹泻病专家共识》的认识,促进中西医结合规范化治疗小儿腹泻病。     

艾灸对直肠癌术后低位前切除综合征相关腹泻的疗效观察

目的:观察艾灸对直肠癌术后低位前切除综合征(LARS) 相关腹泻的临床疗效。方法:选取2019 年3 月—2020年12 月在上海市嘉定区中医医院外科病房就诊的直肠癌术后LARS 相关脾虚型腹泻患者80 例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组,每组40 例。对照组口服思密达,1 次/d,每次1 袋,持续治疗2 周;治疗组用艾条温和灸足三里( 双)、关元、神阙,每穴20 min,1 次/d,持续治疗2 周。采用徐氏肛门功能评价、LARS 量表评价、中医症候评价以及临床疗效评价,分别对对照组和治疗组停药后1 周、2 周以及1 个月后的情况进行疗效评估。结果:在干预结束第1 周后,2 组患者在肛门功能、LARS 量表、中医症候评分中差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05);治疗2 周、1 个月后,治疗组的肛门功能评分[(6.15±1.97)分、(9.29±0.58)分] 高于对照组[(3.99±1.48)分、(4.67±1.74)分],差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05);治疗2 周、1 个月后,治疗组的LARS 评分[(15.50±9.61)分、(20.11±9.60)分] 低于对照组[(3.94±5.16)分、(16.85±9.57)分],治疗组的中医症候评分[(6.62±3.95)分、(10.09±4.11)分] 低于对照组[(3.65±2.66)分、(8.83±4.28)分],差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05);在干预结束后,治疗组的有效率为90%,高于对照组的63%,差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05)。结论:艾灸可有效改善直肠癌术后LARS 相关腹泻患者的肠胃功能,且相比于药物,艾灸的疗效更持久,有效提高了患者的脾胃功能,改善了脾虚症状。     

洛匹那韦/利托那韦联合干扰素治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的疗效

目的　探讨洛匹那韦/利托那韦联合干扰素治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎（新冠肺炎）的有效性及安全性。方法　选取2020年1月3日—4月7日于我中心住院治疗的62例新冠肺炎确诊患者作为研究对象,并将其分为治疗组（43例）和对照组（19例）,其中对照组采用常规对症支持治疗,治疗组在对照组常规治疗基础上使用洛匹那韦/利托那韦抗病毒治疗;同时,根据患者临床分型对上述患者实施非重症组与重症组亚组分析。比较对照组和治疗组核酸转阴时间、住院时间、退热时间、症状缓解时间及药物不良反应发生情况。结果　在非重症组患者中,治疗组与对照组在退热时间、症状缓解时间、核酸转阴时间及住院时间方面的差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）;而在重症组患者中,治疗组核酸转阴时间显著长于对照组[（23.62±2.12 ）d vs.（9.25±0.95）d],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在药物不良反应方面,治疗组腹泻发生率为46.5%,显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,但均为轻到中等程度腹泻,经对症治疗后腹泻症状消失。结论　洛匹那韦/利托那韦联合干扰素治疗新冠肺炎非重症患者效果不明显,治疗重症患者,核酸转阴时间更长,虽临床应用总体安全性较好,但存在腹泻等不良反应,不推荐使用。     

葡萄糖酸钙锌口服液联合布拉酵母菌散剂治疗轮状病毒性腹泻的效果

目的　观察葡萄糖酸钙锌口服液联合布拉酵母菌散剂对轮状病毒感染患儿症状控制及胃肠功能的影响,为临床治疗提供参考。方法　选取2017年8月—2019年10月三亚市人民医院收治的120例轮状病毒感染患儿作为研究对象,根据治疗方法分为常规组与联合组,各60例,其中常规组给予饮食指导、合理补液、抗病毒、预防或纠正电解质紊乱等常规治疗,联合组在常规组治疗基础上给予葡萄糖酸钙锌口服液联合布拉酵母菌散剂治疗。记录2组患儿治疗前后粪便标本中肠道菌群含量、血清中胃肠激素水平变化,并统计分析2组患儿临床治疗总有效率、症状改善时间（退热、止泻、止吐、大便性状正常）及住院时间。结果　治疗后,联合组总有效率为93.33%,高于常规组的80.00%（P＜0.05）,退热时间[（1.69±0.42）d]、止泻时间[（2.28±0.45）d]、止吐时间[（1.92±0.44）d]、大便性状正常时间[（2.30±0.45）d]、住院时间[（4.82±1.37）d均短于常规组,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。治疗前,2组粪便标本中肠道菌群含量、血清中胃肠激素水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。治疗后,2组粪便标本中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌含量较治疗前上升,肠杆菌含量及血清中胃泌素、胃动素、血管活性肠肽水平较治疗前下降,且联合组粪便标本中肠道菌群含量改善程度及胃肠激素水平下降幅度均高于常规组（P均＜0.05）。结论　葡萄糖酸钙锌口服液联合布拉酵母菌散剂可促进轮状病毒感染患儿临床症状的消失,改善胃肠激素水平,平衡肠道菌群,提高疗效。     

113例儿童孤独症的临床与脑电图分析

目的：探讨儿童孤独症的临床特征及脑电图变化。方法：对113例儿童孤独症的临床资料和脑电图检查结果进行分析。结果：母孕产期不利因素影响胎儿早期发育是导致儿童孤独症的重要原因之一。遗传因素不可忽视。脑电图异常率35．4％，无规律性。结论：儿童孤独症的脑功能障碍与脑器质性损害密切相关。     

Screening for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Illinois

Objective: To determine the incidence of infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a tertiary referral center in Chicago, where a similar study had been performed in 1984, to evaluate cases of disease reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) in 1993, and to determine laboratory practices used to detect this infection throughout the state.
Methods: During a 6-month period in 1993, all stool specimens at Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center (RPSLMC) were tested for E. coli O157:H7. Reports of diagnosed E. coli O157:H7 cases investigated by IDPH were also reviewed. A survey of 73 hospitals in the Chicago area was performed to determine routine culturing practices, specifically, the selection of stool specimens for evaluation for this pathogen.
Results: In the RPSLMC survey, two cases were identified among 1985 samples (incidence 0.1%), similar to the 0.08% incidence detected in a similar study conducted at the same institution in 1984. Through passive surveillance, the IDPH received 44 reports of E. coli O157:H7 in 1993. The hospital survey revealed that, in the seven labs testing all stool specimens for E. coli O157:H7, an incidence of 16/8137 specimens (0.2%) was determined.
Conclusions: These data suggest that sporadic E. coli O157:H7 remains uncommon in Illinois and that the incidence may not have changed over a 9-year period. The low yield and substantial cost of culturing all stools suggest that only specimens from patients with bloody diarrhea should be evaluated routinely in areas of low endemicity.     

Molecular characterization and genetic variation of the VP7 gene of human rotaviruses isolated in Paraguay

Rotavirus is the main cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. In Paraguay, acute diarrhea ranks fourth among the causes of mortality in children under 4 years of age. Rotavirus was detected in 93 out of 410 patients admitted to three main hospitals in Asunción, Paraguay from August 1998 to August 2000. Samples from 64 patients were analyzed by RT-PCR for G and P typing. G4P[8] (46.9%; 30/64) was the most common strain detected, followed by G9P[8] (17.2%; 11/64) and G1P[8] (10,9%; 7/64). Since G4 was predominant during the epidemiological peaks of 1998 and 1999, four samples were sequenced and all grouped into sublineage Ic. This sublineage was reported for the first time in 1998 in Argentina, southern border of Paraguay, and it was shown to be responsible for the increased prevalence of G4 during the epidemiological season of 1998 in that country. In addition, Paraguayan G1 strains grouped in different lineages (I and II). However, G9 was predominant during the rotavirus epidemiological peak of 2000, and phylogenetic analysis of five samples grouped into a common emergent/reemergent lineage that circulates worldwide. Since vaccination could reduce the severity and the number of cases of rotavirus disease, this study suggests that a vaccine containing recently isolated variants of the most prevalent types (G1-G4) together with the emerging G9 type, might be sufficient to elicit a protective immune response against the rotavirus types circulating currently in Paraguay.     

辅以钙剂治疗急性腹泻52例临床疗效观察

目的：探讨在常规综合治疗基础上辅以钙剂治疗急性腹泻的疗效。方法：采用随机单盲平行对照方式,１０４例急性腹泻患者按病后诊治顺序随机分为两组,对照组５２例给常规综合治疗,治疗组５２例在常规综合治疗基础上加用钙剂治疗３天（１０％葡萄糖酸钙针剂２０ｍｌ,缓慢ｉｖ,ｑｄ）。结果：经ｘ＾２检验,两者疗效有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：在常规综合治疗基础上钙剂治疗急性腹泻可提高疗效。