Retina accumulates more glucose than does the embryologically similar cerebral cortex in diabetic rats

Aims/hypothesis. The retina is embryologically similar to cerebral cortex and the tissues of both are exposed to similar blood glucose concentrations. Nevertheless, in diabetes the retina develops metabolic abnormalities and microvascular lesions from which cerebrum seems relatively protected. We directly compared glucose concentrations and expression of GLUT-1 (the major carrier transporting glucose from blood into the neural retina and cerebrum) in the two tissues from normal and diabetic rats.¶Methods. Tissue and intracellular glucose were measured using two methods: direct assay of glucose and assay of Amadori products on intracellular proteins. The expression of GLUT-1 was measured using western blots in tissue and in the isolated endothelial luminal membrane of the two vascular beds.¶Results. Both methods assessing intracellular glucose indicate that intracellular concentrations of glucose in diabetes increased significantly in the retina but not in cerebral cortex. Concentrations of free glucose and Amadori product in retinas of diabetic animals were increased above normal by 334 % and 122 %, respectively, whereas there was no statistically significant increase in either parameter in the cerebral cortex of diabetic animals. In contrast to the observed increase in glucose in the retina in diabetes, expression of GLUT-1 on the luminal plasmalemma of the retinal vascular endothelium and in homogenates of whole retina decreased to a statistically significant extent (55 % and 36 %, respectively compared to normal). In the luminal cell membrane of the cerebral vasculature, diabetes did not decrease expression of GLUT-1 but tended to increase it slightly.¶Conclusions/interpretation. Even among tissues that do not require insulin for glucose uptake, tissue glucose concentration varies in diabetes. The greater increase in glucose concentration in retina than in cerebrum in diabetes probably contributes to the tissue differences in biochemical and histopathologic sequelae of the disease. The expression of GLUT-1 in the microvasculature is unlikely to account for the differences in tissue glucose between retina and cerebrum. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 1417–1423]     

高效液相色谱定量分析发酵豆制品中大豆异黄酮和Monacolin K

目的建立高效液相色谱定量分析发酵豆制品中大豆异黄酮和Monacolin K的方法。方法采用polaris C1(82.0mm×100mm,3μm),水(含0.3%H3PO4)、乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速:0.3ml/min,柱温50℃,测定波长(λ):大豆异黄酮260nm;Monacolin K为237nm。分析了发酵豆制品中大豆异黄酮和Monacolin K。结果在选定色谱条件下大豆异黄酮和Monacolin K其线性范围在0.2～45mg/L,样品加标回收率88.9%～101.1%,相对标准偏差为0.89%～3.19%.结论本方法精密度好,结果可靠.适合于发酵豆制品中大豆异黄酮和Monacolin K的定量分析。     

生制速冻米面制品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量分析研究及限量探讨

目的了解生制速冻食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染状况,为金黄色葡萄球菌限量制定提供依据。方法采用定性和定量方法分别检测生制速冻食品中的金黄色葡萄球菌。结果从26份样品中采用定性和定量方法分别检出10株和9株金黄色葡萄球菌,检出率分别为38.46%和34.62%。定量检出范围在<3.0～93cfu/g,x=9.3cfu/g。结论提示我国生制速冻食品金黄色葡萄球菌卫生标准亟待修订,建议采纳生制速冻食品金黄色葡萄球菌限量≤100cfu/g。     

纺织品有害物质健康安全评估方法研究

目的 探索纺织品有害物质综合性安全评价标准体系.方法 采用急性经口毒性试验、急性皮肤刺激试验、皮肤变态反应试验、Ames试验和体外染色体畸变试验对14份纺织品的刺激性、致敏性、致突变性及潜在的致癌性进行评价.结果 14份样品的浸泡液LD50均大于5 000 mg/kg,属于实际无毒级;布料本身均未呈现皮肤刺激性,无致敏性;Ames试验结果表明,各样品浸泡液对鼠伤寒沙门菌TA97、TA100和TA102 3试验菌株,无论直接作用或代谢活化后作用,均未呈现致突变性;对鼠伤寒沙门菌TA98试验菌株,有50%样品呈现致突变阳性,且其致突变型和甲醛含量并无一定相关性;体外染色体畸变试验结果显示,14份样品无论是否加入代谢活化系统,各受试样品均有细胞毒性,但均未引起染色体畸变率的明显增加,未呈现致突变性.结论 纺织品中的有害物质绝大多数为基因毒性物质,其致突变性和纺织品中某一物质(如甲醛)的含量并无相关性,可能是多种有害物质共同作用的结果,应对其进行综合评价.     

天然石材产品放射性水平的调查与评价

目的研究天然石材放射性水平，为规范市场，正确指导市售天然石材产品的合理销售，防止非A类放射性水平的天然石材产品进入居室内装饰提供依据。方法使用FD-71型闪烁辐射仪及7能谱仪对市售天然石材产品进行放射性水平检测。结果81种天然石材产品的7放射性水平平均值为3．90nC·kg^-1·h^-1，其中68种花岗岩的均值为4．16nC·kg^-1·h^-1，13种大理石的均值为2．53nC·kg^-1·h^-1，花岗岩明显高于大理石。部分样品经放射性核素分析，其分类的结果与现场测定值基本一致。结论黄山红、枫叶红天然石材产品超过国家标准规定的A类控制值，不可用于居室内装饰。     

三种食源性致病菌多重PCR检测技术建立及应用研究

目的建立多重PCR方法同时检测水产品中沙门菌、副溶血性弧菌和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌。方法分别以沙门菌invA基因、副溶血性弧菌toxR基因和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌iap基因为靶基因,建立并优化了同时检测水产品中这3种致病菌的多重PCR体系,扩增产物分别为495bp(invA)、368bp(toxR)和660bp(iap)。结果建立的多重PCR方法可以简便、快速、灵敏地实现水产品中沙门菌、副溶血性弧菌和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的同时检测,人工污染水产品检测限为10cfu/ml。结论为无公害水产品食源性致病菌的快速检测提供了理想手段,有良好的应用前景。     

条形码验收系统在医院药库药品验收中的应用

目的:为医院药品入库验收提供一种新的工作方式。方法:利用供应商配货后现存条形码与药品发票的对应关系,药库扫描条形码后,验收药品外观质量,并从时间与准确性角度比较该方法与其他验收方法的差异。结果:条形码验收系统可提高验收效率和验收数据的准确性。结论:条形码验收系统在医院药库管理中值得推广。     

Pro-inflammatory cytokines in stable chronic alcoholics: relationship with fat and lean mass.

Cytokines are mediators of the inflammatory response, secreted by many tissues, including adipocytes. Chronic alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic hepatitis are associated with elevated serum cytokine levels which yield prognostic value in this situation. Most studies have been performed in patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis. However, cytokine alterations in stable alcoholics have been less studied, as is also the case for the relationship between cytokines and fat and lean mass in these patients. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationships between some proinflammatory serum cytokine levels and lean mass, fat mass, nutritional status, and liver function parameters in stable alcoholic patients. We determined serum TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and TNF receptor 2 (TNFr2) in 77 male alcoholic patients in a stable phase (before hospital discharge). In all patients we performed a total-body composition analysis (Hologic DEXA), nutritional assessment including body mass index, triceps skinfold, brachial perimeter, and assessment of liver function. Forty-two healthy volunteer health workers served as controls. IL-8, TNF-alpha and TNFr2 were significantly higher in patients than in controls. No differences were observed between patients and controls regarding fat mass, but alcoholics showed significantly decreased lean mass than controls. Only IL-6 was significantly related with body fat in patients with elevated IL-6 levels. Poor relationships were observed between lean mass and cytokines; some nutritional parameters showed inverse relationships with serum TNF, whereas TNF and IL-8 were inversely related with albumin and prothrombin activity. Thus, cytokine levels were elevated in stable alcoholic patients, and IL-6 levels showed significant correlation with body fat mass, raising the possibility that adipose tissue contributes to the persistence of high levels of cytokines in stable alcoholics.     

从VEREGENTM的商品说明书内容看FDA植物新药评审的思路与要求

本文以2006年10月在FDA获得批准的处方药VeregenTM的商品说明书为切入点,详细分析了作为植物药的VeregenTM在FDA审批过程中的一些关键点。中药走向世界是个漫长而艰苦的过程,但VeregenTM的例子证明,中药作为植物药在FDA注册成功不是不可能的。本文的分析与建议希望能为中药敲开FDA大门提供些许有价值的参考,给准备走向国际市场的国内中药制药企业一些有益的指导。     

广州市售糕点、熟肉制品中人工合成色素含量的现状分析

目的：为全面了解广州市售糕点、熟肉制品中人工合成色素含量情况。方法：对市场上销售的糕点、熟肉制品进行随机抽样调查，用高效液相色谱法检测分析了72份糕点、91份烧卤熟肉制品中人工合成色素柠檬黄、苋菜红、胭脂红、日落黄、亮蓝的含量。结果：发现检出样品中，糕点中人工合成色素的不合格率为36．11％，熟肉制品中人工合成色素的不合格率为6．59％，以上结果说明，糕点、熟肉制品中滥用人工合成色素情况比较严重，特别是糕点行业，合格率仅为60．66％，应引起有关部门的高度重视。结论：为了进一步提高市民食用糕点、烧卤熟肉制品的安全性及减少对人体健康的危害，建议加强消费市场的卫生监督。