结肠造口结肠癌原位移植模型的建立

Objective To establish a colorectal cancer colostomy orthotopic transplantation mice model. Methods A colostomy was preformed in BALB/C nu-nu nude mice. After two weeks, when the stoma healed, tumor tissues developed from Lovo cells were implanted into the submucosa of the stoma. When tumor grew up to 5 nun, fluorouracil(5-FU, 20 mg/kg) was administrated by intraperitoneal injection. Tumor developed at the colostomy was observed and its biological characteristics and behaviour were evaluated. Results Colostomy was performed in 10 mice and stoma healed at two weeks. Ten colostomies developed detectable tumor in two to three weeks. Three to five weeks later, the tumors grew up to 5 mm. Survival time of mice injected with 5-FU was (15.2±3.7) weeks (ranged: 11-21 weeks), and the survival time of the no-treantment group was (12.3±2.8)weeks (ranged:9-19 weeks). The difference was statistically significant (P=0.001). The rate of mesenteric metastasis was 1/5 and 2/5 in the treatment and no-treatment group respectively. Conclusion Colostomy orthotopic transplantation mice model is an ideal mice model with the advantages of having high success rate, visualization of implanted tumor in living animal, long survival time and significant tumor response to common chemotherapeutic agent.     

保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除的临床应用及评价

目的探讨保留盆腔自主神经（PANP）的全直肠系膜切除（TME）在男性直肠癌低位保肛术中的应用。方法回顾性分析传统手术、TME和PANP＋TME在男性直肠癌保肛手术中的应用，对各组病人肿瘤下缘距肛门距离、3年存活率、局部复发率、排尿功能、性功能作一评价。结果TME组和PANP＋TME组手术病人的肿瘤下缘距肛门距离较传统手术组明显缩短（P〈0．05）；3组的3年存活率分析差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；TME组和PANP＋TME组的局部复发率较传统手术组明显降低（P〈0．05）；传统手术组、TME组、PANP＋TME组的排尿障碍、勃起功能障碍和射精功能障碍的发生率逐渐降低，3组间两两比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。PANP手术分型与排尿障碍、勃起功能障碍和射精功能障碍分级呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论TME可以降低直肠癌的局部复发率，降低排尿障碍和性功能障碍的发生率；PANP和TME结合使排尿障碍和性功能障碍的发生率更加降低，PANP手术保留神经越彻底，手术后排尿障碍、性功能障碍的发生率越低。     

结肠J-型贮袋术在中低位直肠癌前切除术中的应用

目的评价结肠J 型贮袋术在中低位直肠癌前切除术中的临床应用价值。方法对1998年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 7月行根治性直肠前切除术治疗的 12 0例中低位直肠癌分为贮袋组 2 2例 ,结肠直肠直接吻合组 98例 ,比较两组的手术情况和术后排便功能。结果中位随访时间为 18个月。两组手术时间、住院天数、术后并发症、复发率和生存率均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。贮袋组肿瘤下缘距离齿状线距离为 (3 6± 1 5 )cm ,与直接吻合组 (5 2± 1 9)cm相比 ,差异有显著性意义 (P =0 0 0 0 )。术后 3个月和 1年时每日大便次数贮袋组较直接吻合组显著减少 (P <0 0 5 ) ,排便急迫感改善明显 (P <0 0 5 )。术后 2年时两组间上述指标已无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论对于低位直肠癌行直肠前切除术时选择结肠J 型贮袋术可以明显改善术后近期的排便功能。     

FasL的表达在结直肠癌免疫逃逸中的意义

目的研究结直肠癌中Fas配体（FasL）的表达及其在结直肠癌免疫逃逸中的意义。方法采用免疫组织化学染色法，检测80例结直肠癌组织中FasL表达及肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TIL）的数量。应用原位杂交法，检测80例结直肠癌组织连续切片的FasL的。RNA的表达。采用脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记技术（TUNEL），对80例结直肠癌组织中凋亡的TIL及肿瘤细胞进行观察。结果80例结直肠癌组织FasL表达程度不等，不论是在同一组织切片不同部位或两组织切片间相比，FasL表达程度和范围都不均匀。FasL的mRNA的表达部位与FasL蛋白的表达部位相对应。FasL表达程度高的组织的TIL计数低于FasL表达低的组织（P〈0．05），同时其TIL凋亡指数高于FasL表达低的组织，而结直肠癌细胞的凋亡指数低于FasL表达程度低的组织（P〈0．01），TIL凋亡指数与胃癌细胞的凋亡指数呈负相关（r=-0．631，P〈0．01）。结论全占直肠癌细胞可通过表达FasL，诱导TIL发生凋亡，反击机体免疫系统，这可能是结直肠癌免疫逃避的重要机制之一。     

联合检测大肠癌患者外周血CK20 mRNA和CEA mRNA的临床意义

目的　探讨同时检测两种肿瘤标志物与大肠癌预后的关系。方法　应用逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)方法联合检测 10 2例行根治性手术的大肠癌患者外周血中细胞角蛋白 (CK)2 0mRNA和癌胚抗原 (CEA)mRNA ,并随访 3年。结果　大肠癌组CK2 0mRNA、CEAmRNA的阳性表达率分别为 60 .78% (62 /10 2 )和 64 .71% (66/10 2 ) ,均显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;CK2 0mRNA和CEAmRNA均阳性表达组患者的 3年复发率和死亡率分别为 5 5 .0 0 %和 5 0 .0 0 % ,显著高于CK2 0mRNA和CEAmRNA均阴性表达组及单一阳性表达组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　CK2 0mRNA和CEAmRNA均阳性表达是大肠癌患者外周血存在癌细胞的重要证据 ,提示预后不良。     

核仁形成区嗜银蛋白定量对结肠癌前病变的监测作用

应用银染技术,对24例结肠腺癌Ⅱ级不典型增生,30例绒毛状腺瘤,14例绒毛状腺瘤Ⅲ级不典型增生和29例高分化管状腺癌进行银染核仁形成区嗜银蛋白(Ag-NORs)定量研究,观察Ag-NORs数量、形态、大小和分布在结肠肿瘤交界性病变中的表达.提示Ag-NORs四项指标定量研究对结肠脉瘤,特别是Ⅲ级不典型增生与绒毛状腺瘤之结肠癌前病变有较好的监测作用.     

Influence of caseload and surgical speciality on outcome following surgery for colorectal cancer: a review of evidence Part 2: Long-term outcome

OBJECTIVE: We reviewed recent literature to assess the impact of hospital caseload, surgeon's caseload and education on long-term outcome following colorectal cancer surgery. METHOD: We searched the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases for relevant literature starting from 1992. We selected hospital caseload, surgeon's caseload and surgeon's education, type of hospital, and surgeon's experience as variables of interest. Measures of outcome were recurrence-free survival and overall survival, and for rectal cancer frequency of permanent stoma. We reviewed the 34 studies according to tumour location: colonic cancer, rectal cancer, or colorectal cancer. We described the studies individually and performed a meta-analysis whenever it was considered appropriate. RESULTS: For colonic cancer, overall survival improved with increasing hospital caseload, odds ratio (OR) 1.22 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.28], and surgeon's education. For rectal cancer, overall survival improved with increasing hospital caseload, OR 1.38 (95% CI 1.19-1.60), and, possibly by surgeon' education and experience. Cancer-free survival was strongly influenced by surgeon's education. The colostomy rate was less in high caseload hospitals, OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.68-0.85). For colorectal cancer, overall survival improved with surgeon's education. CONCLUSION: The data have provided evidence that long-term survival following colorectal cancer surgery in general improved significantly with increasing hospital caseload and surgeon's education.     

大肠癌肝转移射频消融后局部复发影响因素的分析

目的 探讨射频消融（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）治疗大肠癌肝转移后局部肿瘤复发的风险因素。方法 回顾性研究213例347个肿瘤实施RFA治疗后局部复发的临床资料,对可能影响RFA局部治疗效果的临床因素进行统计学处理。结果 175例（82.2%）298个肿瘤（85.9%）得到CT或MRI随访资料。大肠癌肝转移灶RFA后肿瘤局部复发率为36.9%（110/298）,局部复发的平均时间为16.4月（2～57个月）。单因素分析显示肝脏转移灶的部位、大小和射频针类型与肿瘤射频后的局部复发相关（P值分别为P=0.000,P=0.021和P=0.026）,但Cox多因素分析则显示只有瘤大小和转移灶部位是大肠癌肝转移射频消融后局部复发的独立预后因素（χ^2=8.522,P=0.000;χ^2=1.321,P=0.022）。结论 肝脏肿瘤的大小和部位是RFA治疗效果的独立影响因素,正确的电极选择和布针是获得肿瘤完全坏死的关键。     

Influence of caseload and surgical speciality on outcome following surgery for colorectal cancer: a review of evidence. Part 1: short-term outcome

OBJECTIVE: An association between caseload and outcome has been reported for complex surgical procedures. We systematically reviewed recent literature to determine whether caseload and surgical speciality are associated with short-term outcome following colorectal cancer surgery. METHOD: We searched the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases for relevant publications starting in 1992. We selected hospital caseload and type, and surgeon's caseload, education and experience as variables of interest. Measures of outcome were postoperative morbidity, in-hospital and 30-day mortality, and for rectal cancer anastomotic leak. We stratified the 35 reviewed studies by tumor location: colonic cancer, rectal cancer, or colorectal cancer and described the studies individually. A meta-analysis was performed only when it was considered appropriate. RESULTS: For colonic cancer, postoperative morbidity was associated with surgeon's caseload and education. Postoperative mortality was strongly associated with hospital caseload (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.55-0.73), and surgeon's caseload (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.39-0.64). It was also influenced by surgeon's education and experience. For rectal cancer, we found no evidence of an association between the selected variables and short-term outcome, including frequency of anastomotic leak. For colorectal cancer, there was evidence for an association between postoperative morbidity and hospital caseload. CONCLUSION: Our review offers evidence for a positive association between high hospital caseload, surgeon's caseload, sub-speciality and experience and improved short-term outcome in colonic cancer surgery. We failed to find evidence of a relationship for rectal cancer surgery, possibly owing to methodological artifacts. No study reported an inverse relation.     

Not an equal opportunity disease – a sex and gender-based review of colorectal cancer in men and women: Part II

This paper reviews the literature on colorectal cancer from a sex and gender-based perspective. Colorectal cancer is a major cause of death in the developed world, with rates increasing in developing countries. Although described by some writers as an ‘equal opportunity’ disease, it presents more risk to men than women. Both biological, or sex-linked factors, and gender-linked factors play a part in the aetiology of the disease, while gender differences in the use of screening and treatment also help shape the mortality gap between women and men for this condition. Without an appreciation of the part played by sex and gender in the risk of colorectal cancer, and without a gender-sensitive approach to screening in particular, it is possible that the mortality gap between men and women for this condition will widen in the future.