河南室内蜚蠊种类及分布的调查报告

本文首次报道河南室内蜚蠊的种类与分布,共发现有3属6种,以美洲大蠊分布较广,黑胸大蠊与德国小蠊次之,日本大蠊分布在郑州,洛阳。褐斑大蠊仅在洛阳发现。本文还对各地区蜚蠊侵害状况作了报道。     

美国猛力牌胶体杀蟑药饵在长江客轮现场杀蟑效果观察

１９９３年在长江轮进行的现场试验结果表明，美国猛力牌胶体杀蟑药饵效果，显著，施药１５天后灭蟑率为８６．０８％，最后防效高达９９．６６％，可以推广应用。     

农贸市场中蜚蠊携带单增李斯特菌的调查及菌株特征分析

目的 初步探索农贸市场中蜚蠊李斯特菌的携带情况及农贸市场中食品李斯特菌污染的危险因素。方法 2015年10-12月从北京市某肉类（猪肉、羊肉、鸡肉）和水产品销售市场共采集147份蜚蠊样本进行李斯特菌的分离鉴定,并对分离到的单增李斯特菌进行血清型（serotyping）、脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分型以及多位点序列分型（MLST）分析。结果 蜚蠊样本中李斯特菌的分离率为58.06%（78/147）,包括单增李斯特菌、英诺克李斯特菌、威尔李斯特菌,其中,单增李斯特菌的分离率为17.68%（26/147）,以水产品销售区域蜚蠊中分离率最高（18.18%）。血清型分析将26株单增李斯特菌分为4种血清型,分别为1/2c、1/2a、3a和1/2b,优势的血清型为1/b（34.60%）和1/2c（34.60%）;PFGE分析将26株单增李斯特菌分为11种PFGE带型,优势的PT型为PT16（19.23%）和PT30（19.23%）。MLST分析将26株单增李斯特菌分为5种序列型,分别为ST87、ST9、ST121、ST155、ST35,优势的序列型为ST87（34.62%）。结论 农贸市场中蜚蠊能携带李斯特菌且不同食品销售市场中蜚蠊所携带的单增李斯特菌的分子型别不同,可能与不同食品类型携带的单增李斯特菌的型别不同而蜚蠊与食品间有交叉污染有关,因此蜚蠊可能成为农贸市场中传播单增李斯特菌并污染食品的危险因素之一。     

Nosocomial fungal infections--study of the possible role of cockroaches (Blattella germanica) as vectors.

A variety of fungi of medical importance were recovered from cockroaches (Blattella germanica) collected from hospital wards (159) and residential areas (128) in different seasons. The fungi isolated were various species of Candida, Rhizopus, Mucor, Alternaria and Aspergillus. Candida spp. were the fungi isolated in highest percentage from hospital and residential area.     

Postsynaptic effects of 4-aminopyridine in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach

The synaptic action of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was studied in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. The drug 4-AP did not modify the affinity of cholinergic receptors. At concentrations above 10(-4)M, 4-AP depolarized the postsynaptic membranes even after blockage of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors by antagonistic substances.     

吉林省城区蟑螂防制效果分析

目的：分析全省城区蟑螂种群数量分布、侵害率、抗药性等情况以及防制措施与效果。方法：采用目测法、药驱法、粘捕法、点滴法，同时进行综合防制。结果：全省城区蟑螂防制的主要对象是德国小蠊和美洲大蠊。蟑螂平均密度指数（只／盒）由１９９１年的１４２下降到１９９３年的０１９；蟑螂平均侵害率为２８２％；常用杀虫剂对德国小蠊的致死量１９９２～１９９７年均有不同程度的增高。结论：环境防制是治本措施，合理使用杀虫剂是延缓和降低蟑螂抗药性的关键     

济宁市蜚蠊侵害现况及抗药性调查

目的掌握济宁市蜚蠊侵害现况及其抗药性、种群分布、季节消长和密度等情况。方法采用粘捕法捕捉蜚蠊,调查其种类及侵害程度;采用三角烧瓶药膜接触法检测蜚蠊抗药性。结果本次共回收有效粘蟑纸5400张,捕获蜚蠊715只,均为德国小蠊,其中成虫421只(占58.9%),若虫294只(占41.1%);蟑螂总密度为0.13只/张,侵害率为9.11%;蜚蠊密度以5～8月最高。场所蜚蠊密度以宾馆最高,侵害率医院最高,其次是餐饮和宾馆,居民区最低。济宁市德国小蠊对高效氯氰菊酯已产生高抗药性,对残杀威、溴氰菊酯和敌敌畏仍然敏感。结论济宁市宾馆、餐饮、医院为蜚蠊高侵害场所,并有向居民区快速扩散的趋势,必须加强对重点行业的管理,采取综合性防制措施,控制蜚蠊扩散和蔓延。     

The effects of the standardized herbal formula PM014 on pulmonary inflammation and airway responsiveness in a murine model of cockroach allergen-induced asthma

Ethnopharmacological relevance

PM014 is a modified form of the Chung-Sang-Bo-Ha-Tang (CSBHT) herbal formula that has been used to treat chronic pulmonary diseases in Korea for centuries. Previously, we developed a formulation of PM014 based on a series of in vitro and in vivo screening efforts that comprises seven herbal extracts. The PM014 formula includes the root of Rehmannia glutinosa, the cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa, the fruit of Schizandra chinensis, the root of Asparagus cochinchinensis, seeds of Prunus armeniaca, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis and the root of Stemona sessilifolia. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs that is characterized by wheezing, bronchial contraction, and chest tightness. In addition, the airway becomes hypersensitive and narrows through an inflammatory reaction mediated by Th2 cells. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of PM014 to prevent allergic airway inflammation and to attenuate airway responses in a cockroach allergen-induced mouse model.

Materials and methods

Mice sensitized to and challenged with cockroach allergen were treated with oral administration of PM014. Airway resistance was determined by whole body plethysmography. In addition, Th2 cytokines and immune cell profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and inflammatory mediators in serum were analyzed by ELISA. A series of histological examinations were also conducted to demonstrate the effects of PM014 on airway remodeling, goblet cell hyperplasia and inflammatory responses in the lung.

Results

PM014 significantly inhibited the number of total cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes in the BAL fluid of mice that were challenged with cockroach allergen. In addition, PM014 reduced the levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) in the BAL fluid and inflammatory mediators such as IgE in the serum, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological analysis also showed that PM014 substantially inhibited eosinophil infiltration into the airway, goblet cell hyperplasia and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

Conclusions

In this study, our results indicate that PM014 has significant effects on allergic airway inflammation upon exposure to cockroach allergen in a mouse model. According to these outcomes, PM014 may have therapeutic potential as a treatment for allergic asthma.     

Effects of the DAG analogue 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8) on nicotine- and clothianidin-evoked currents through α-bungarotoxin-insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed on cockroach neurosecretory cells

We previously demonstrated that the cockroach α-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nAChR1 and nAChR2 subtypes, are differently sensitive to intracellular calcium pathways. Here, using whole cell patch-clamp recordings, we studied the effects of the diacylglycerol (DAG) analogue 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8) on nicotine- and clothianidin-evoked currents under an α-bungarotoxin treatment. Our results demonstrated that DiC8 reduced nicotine and clothianidin evoked currents. 10 μM DiC8 suppressed the increase in nicotine-induced currents which was brought about by application of 5 mM caffeine or 9 mM Ca²⁺, whereas DiC8 did not affect the decrease in nicotine-induced currents induced by BAPTA. Similarly, bath application of caffeine or 9 mM Ca²⁺ did not change the clothianidin effects, and the amplitude of clothianidin-induced currents was not affected. However, co-application of both 10 μM DiC8 with 9 mM Ca²⁺, caffeine or BAPTA reduced clothianidin current amplitudes. We conclude that nicotine and clothianidin differently modulate nAChR1 and nAChR2 subtypes under DiC8 treatment, and that nicotine activates nAChR1, whereas clothianidin activates both nAChR1 and nAChR2 subtypes.     

两株蜚蠊肠道内生放线菌抗真菌活性初步研究和分类鉴定

目的检测蜚蠊肠道内生放线菌WA2-4和WA2-5的抗真菌活性,并对菌株进行初步分类学鉴定。方法采用牛津杯法测定菌株WA2-4和WA2-5发酵液对白色念珠菌和红色毛癣菌等真菌生长的影响,扫描电子显微镜观察菌株发酵液对受试真菌形态的影响,利用16S rDNA测序、Blast比对和构建系统发育树等方法,结合菌株形态学特征对菌株WA2-4和WA2-5进行初步分类学鉴定。结果菌株WA2-4和WA2-5发酵液对白色念珠菌和红色毛癣菌的生长均有抑制作用;扫描电子显微镜结果显示菌株WA2-4和WA2-5发酵液破坏了白色念珠菌的细胞膜结构,使红色毛癣菌的菌丝断裂成碎片;初步分类学鉴定结果显示,菌株WA2-4和WA2-5分别为链霉菌属和戈登氏菌属,与其各自亲缘菌株的16S rDNA序列同源相似性分别为93.5%和92.3%,均低于98.2%,因此推断该两株菌株很有可能是新菌种。结论蜚蠊肠道WA2-4和WA2-5放线菌具有抗真菌活性。