The vomeronasal chemosensory system as a route of neuroinvasion by herpes simplex virus

We have investigated the potential of neurotropic microbes to invade the central nervous system (CNS) via the peripheral nervous system. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain KH6 and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) strain 186 were found to infect chemosensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ (the pheromone detector) following intranasal inoculation of mice. HSV-1 strain KH6 infection was further transmitted to the accessory olfactory bulb (first relay), the medial amygdala (second relay), and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the ventromedial hypothalamus (third relay). HSV-1 strain KH6 also targeted the olfactory and trigeminal systems. HSV-2 strain 186 predominantly attacked the brainstem including the trigeminal system. While both viruses did not induce apoptosis in infected chemosensory neurons, they did in infected brain tissue. These results suggest that neurotropic viruses can invade the brain by infecting vomeronasal chemosensory neurons and that the restrained induction of apoptosis in the infected neurons may facilitate viral transmission to the CNS.     

Simple spike firing in the posterior lateral cerebellar cortex of Macaque Mulatta was correlated with success–failure during a visually guided reaching task

Evidence has been accumulating which supports a role for the cerebellum in motor learning. Motor learning is though to be mediated by complex spikes acting as an error signal, which when firing in conjunction with simple spike activity modify synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells. We studied the activity of neurons in the posterior lateral cerebellar cortex of macaques that were performing reaches to visual targets. We found that simple spike firing in many of these neurons was modulated by whether the monkey successfully hit the target or not. The success–failure modulation was present for reaches using either arm and could persist for several hundred milliseconds into a period when the monkey was constrained from moving its arms. This temporally extended success–failure activity could interact with complex spike firing in order to enhance learning, particularly when the motor command is temporally separated from sensory feedback.     

大学生成就动机与情绪和行为问题的关系

目的：探讨大学生成就动机与情绪和行为问题的关系。方法：采用成就动机、自尊、特质焦虑、抑郁、孤独四个量表及问题行为问卷对403名大学生进行测查。结果：（1）大学生追求成功动机显著高于避免失败动机。②追求成功动机与自尊呈显著正相关．与焦虑、抑郁、孤独及外显问题行为呈显著负相关．避免失败动机与自尊等变量的相关模式与追求成功动机相反。（3）追求成功型大学生存自尊上的得分显著高于避免失败型，而在焦虑、抑郁、孤独及外显问题行为上的得分显著低于避免失败型。结论：大学生成功动机与情绪和行为问题存在较密切关系。     

孤独症患儿感觉异常行为分析

目的:了解孤独症患儿感觉异常行为的特征。方法:93例孤独症患儿,男87例,女6例,平均年龄5.3±2.9岁。参考Harison的《感觉行为列表》,适当修改后制成调查表,对患儿进行感觉异常行为调查。结果:本组患儿以视觉和听觉反应异常最为常见,见于绝大多数患儿;其次为痛觉反应迟钝和嗅觉异常行为,而触觉及味觉异常行为相对少见。重度患儿组多项感觉异常行为的发生率均明显高于轻度组。结论:孤独症患儿存在多种感觉异常行为,而且与孤独症的严重程度有关,其发生机制及对孤独症的影响值得进一步探讨。     

Behavior Problems in Children With Diabetes: Disentangling Possible Scoring Confounds on the Child Behavior Checklist

Objective: The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; T. M. Achenbach,1991), when used to assess the behavior of children with diabetes,may contain confounds because some behavioral items can havea physiologic etiology, and may skew reports of behavioral disturbance. Methods: Two techniques were used to disentangle possible scoringconfounds in the behavioral ratings of children with and withoutdiabetes: (1) the Somatic Complaints scale was deleted, or (2)Diabetes Items, identified a priori with 89% agreement by ninemedical personnel, were deleted. Results: As expected, with traditionally scored protocols, childrenwith diabetes obtained higher Internalizing and Total BehaviorProblem scores than controls. This group difference persistedwhether the Somatic Complaints scale or the Diabetes Items weredeleted. Conclusions: Compared to controls, children with diabetes obtainedmildly elevated scores on six of the eight CBCL scales, regardlessof scoring method, suggesting that their mildly elevated behavioralprofile is not confounded by physiologic symptomatology.     

A new animal model of binge eating: key synergistic role of past caloric restriction and stress

Dieting and stress are important in the etiology and maintenance of eating disorders, and dieting strongly predicts stress-induced overeating in humans. We hypothesized that caloric restriction and stress interact in a unique manner to promote binge eating. To test this hypothesis, a group of young female rats were cycled through a restriction period (4 days of 66% of control food intake) followed by 6 days of free feeding prior to being stressed by acute foot shock. After three of these cycles, the food intake of rats exposed only to restriction (R), or only to stress (S), did not differ from controls. However, R+S rats that were restricted and refed, despite normal body weight and food intake after free feeding, engaged in a powerful bout of hyperphagia when stressed (Experiment 1). The R + S effect was replicated in an older group of rats (Experiment 2). The hyperphagia was characteristically binge-like, it constituted a 40% selective increase in highly palatable (HP) food (P < .001) over a discrete period of time (within 24 h post-stress), and reflected feeding for reward (higher HP:chow ratio) over metabolic need as occurred after restriction (higher chow:HP ratio). Subsequent experiments revealed that binge eating did not occur if only chow was available (Experiment 3) or if restriction-refeeding (R-R) did not proximally precede stress (Experiment 4). Experiment 5 revealed that a history of R-R cycles followed by only one stress episode was sufficient to increase intake to 53% above controls as early as 2 h after stress (P < .001). This animal model of binge eating should facilitate investigations into the neurochemical changes induced by dieting and environmental stress to produce disordered eating and provide a preclinical tool to test preventive strategies and treatments more relevant to bulimia nervosa, multiple cases of binge eating disorder (BED) and binge-purge type anorexia nervosa.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童行为问题的对照研究

目的：比较注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder，ADHD）临床亚型和正常儿童的行为问题。方法：将符合DSM—Ⅳ ADHD诊断标准的男童70例分为注意障碍为主型（PI）44例，以多动／冲动为主型（HI）6例、混合型（CT）20例，采用儿童行为量表（Child Behavior Checklist，CBCL）比较各亚型和正常儿童的行为问题。结果：ADHD组行为问题发生率（48．57％）明显高于对照组（12．70％），P〈0．01；ADHD各亚型行为问题发生率存在统计学差异（P〈0．01）。混合型最高；ADHD亚型与对照组CBCL因子分的4组间比较显示分裂性、强迫性、体诉、多动、攻击性、违纪因子及CBCL总分存在统计学差异；分裂性因子PI〉HI，攻击性因子CT，HI〉PI，违纪因子HI〉PI，CT。结论：ADHD男童行为问题发生率高于正常儿童，其中混合型行为问题发生率最高；ADHD临床亚型行为问题特点不同。     

Preferences of pre-weanling Long-Evans rats for anal excreta of adult males and females

Long-Evans hooded rat pups were reared with their dam alone, their dam and sire or their dam 12 hrs per day and their sire 12 hrs per day and tested for preferences for anal excreta from adult male and female rats when they were 18 to 20 days of age. In all rearing conditions the anal excreta of the rat's own dam was preferred to that of strange dams and the excreta of both own and strange dams was preferred to that of virgin females. Anal excreta from virgin females was preferred to no odor as was anal excreta of unmated males, strange sires and the rat's own sire. Only rats reared with their dam and sire preferred the odor of their own sire to that of other males. The results suggest that pre-weanling rats may attend to different dimensions of the odors of conspecifics, such as the species odor, maternal odor, and individual odor and that different rearing conditions may influence the odor dimension to which the rat attends.     

白松片对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学及血浆CORT、ACTH的影响

目的：观察白松片对慢性应激抑郁大鼠模型行为学和血浆CORT、ACTH含量的影响。方法：SD雄性大鼠28只随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、氟西汀对照组及白松片试验组，选用慢性轻度不可预见性应激加孤养造模，观察各组大鼠敞箱实验和液体消耗等行为学指标变化，采用放射免疫方法检测大鼠血浆皮质醇(CORT)和促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)含量。结果：慢性应激抑郁大鼠体重增加缓慢，敞箱实验中的水平运动、垂直运动得分、清洁动作次数显著减少，中央格停留时间显著延长；糖水消耗明显下降，纯水消耗显著增多，而且其血浆皮质醇和促肾上腺皮质激素含量增加。氟西汀和白松片均显著改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠模型的行为学和神经内分泌变化。结论：慢性轻度不可预见性应激可使大鼠行为及神经内分泌发生异常改变，引起抑郁状态，白松片对此具有一定拮抗作用。     

宽叶缬草提取物对戊四氮诱导慢性癫癎大鼠行为及脑电的影响

目的:探讨宽叶缬草提取物(VOL)对戊四氮(PTZ)致癫大鼠模型的脑电和行为变化的影响.方法:用PTZ 37.5mg/kg腹腔注射Wistar大鼠28天建立慢性癫癎模型,同时胃管分组给予VOL 500 mg/kg、1 000 mg/kg、1 500 mg/kg,每天三次,观察大鼠行为及脑电变化.结果:PTZ致癫癎大鼠在28天时87%为重度发作,脑电发作潜伏期及癎波密度分别为4.01±1.70 min,145.75±19.84个/min ,应用三种不同剂量的VOL治疗三周后大鼠癫癎发作程度明显减轻,脑电发作潜伏期延长,分别为7.36±2.18 min、9.42±2.05 min、11.19±1.95 min,癎波密度减少与PTZ模型对照组比较,P<0.05;且高剂量组更明显.结论:VOL能有效对抗PTZ的点燃作用,且有剂量依赖性,在第3周时才开始显效.