北京市高一学生父母养育方式的现况调查

目的 了解北京市高一学生父母养育方式现况，探索父母养育方式的可能影响因素，为开展父母养育方式的教育提供依据。方法 以分层整群抽样的方法进行现况调查，采用父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)、人格诊断问卷第4版(PDQ-4)和一般情况问卷，调查北京市9574名高中一年级学生。结果 母亲的拒绝、情感温暖、过度保护和偏爱因子得分均高于父亲，父亲与母亲EMBU相同因子高度相关(T≥0．7)；因子分析结果表明，父母养育方式相同因子可以合并为一个因子；多元线性回归分析结果表明，父母养育方式受父母关系、受教育程度、年龄以及家庭收入、居住地、子女性别等多种因素的影响。人格偏离组的父母拒绝、过度保护和偏爱得分高于对照组，父母的情感温暖得分低于正常对照组。结论 父母养育方式受多种因素影响，父母养育方式在大多数家庭是比较一致的，且母亲在养育子女的过程中起重要作用。青少年人格偏离与不良的父母养育方式关系密切。     

Symptoms and subtypes of depression among adolescents distinguished by the dexamethasone suppression test: A preliminary report

Twenty-three adolescents hospitalized on an inpatient psychiatric unit underwent a dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder by interviewers blind to the DST results. These patients were divided into four categories according to whether they had major depressive disorders, endogenous (MDDe) or nonendogenous (MDD), and whether they were nonsuppressors (+) or suppressors (-) in response to the DST, i.e., MDDe (+) MDDe (-), MDD (+), or MDD (-). Psychomotor features significantly differentiated the MDDe group from the MDD group. Among symptoms this further differentiated the MDDe (+) from the MDD (-) group. The primary subtype of depression occurred significantly more frequently among the MDDe group than the MDD group. The primary subtype also occurred more frequently among the MDDe (+) group than the MDD (-) group, whereas the MDD (-) group had a greater frequency of secondary depression.     

长春市青少年青春期性教育现况

目的 了解我国青少年青春期性教育现况，探讨青春期性健康教育的有效方法。方法 以长春市社区为基础，采用3阶段抽样法，按人口比例大小确定抽样概率，抽取了l253名15～24岁的青少年。采取匿名自填问卷方式进行调查，调查数据用SPS软件进行分析。结果 大多数青少年认为谈与性相关的事情，包括生殖保健，是一件非常敏感且难堪的话题。多数青少年的青春期性知识十分缺乏，了解青春期性知识的途径也很局限。结论 应加强青少年青春期性教育，使青少年健康成长。     

北京与沈阳部分初中学生危险行为调查

目的 了解北京和沈阳市初中学生危险行为发生情况，为教育和卫生部门制定青少年健康政策，预防青少年危险行为提供科学依据。方法1999年5～7月，对北京和沈阳市11所中学3521名初二学生进行不记名问卷调查。结果 54．6％的学生在乘坐别人开的小汽车时从不或很少系安全带；在调查的近30d中，有5．4％的学生坐过1次或3d以上由酒后驾驶开的小汽车，6．3％的学生从不或很少遵守交通规则；在调查的近12个月中，22．2％的学生有过1次或1次以上的打架行为；在调查的近30d中，有20．9％的学生有1d或1d以上饮过酒，6．8％的学生有1d或1d以上吸烟；在调查的近7d中，只有51．6％的学生进行了3d或3d以上的激烈运动，38．4％的学生进行了5d或5d以上的中等强度锻炼。结论 初中生的危险行为问题不容忽视，教育与卫生部门应针对青少年危险行为发生的特点开展预防教育工作。     

Substance use by adolescents in the Western Developmental Region of Nepal

The health and well-being of adolescents is threatened by the use of psychoactive substances, such as tobacco, alcohol or other intoxicating substances. This study, carried out in 2011, explored substance use among 12–18-years-olds in the Western Developmental Region of Nepal, with 408 participants drawn from one urban school and two rural schools. Our aim was to identify the prevalence of psychoactive substance use, describe the related reasons, exposures and consequences and to discover the associations between substance use and various background factors. We evaluated the adolescents’ substance use with the Adolescents’ Substance Use Measurement and this showed that 10.5% of the adolescents used tobacco and 22.3% used alcohol and other intoxicants. Smoking and tobacco use was associated with gender, age and whether the fathers and grandparents smoked or drank and the use of intoxicants was associated with living in an urban area, the mother’s occupation and the father’s use of intoxicants. The adolescents at highest risk were older males and there was an association with the mother’s substance use. Our findings suggest that prevention programmes that tackle substance use among adolescents should focus on such factors as gender, age, living in urban areas and exposure at home.     

Early Teenage Pregnancy: Is it Safe?

Aim

To compare obstetric and perinatal outcomes of early and late teenage pregnancies of Omani nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies cared for and delivered at a tertiary teaching hospital.

Method

In this retrospective study, we reviewed obstetric and perinatal outcomes of early teenage pregnancies (14–16 years), (n = 20) delivered at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, between 1 July 2006 and 30 June 2013 and compared their outcomes with outcomes of late teenage pregnancies (17–19 years), (n = 287) delivered at the same hospital during same period.

Results

When compared with late teenage pregnant women, early teenagers were found to have no significant differences in prevalence of very preterm delivery <32 weeks (P = 0.62), preterm rupture of membranes (P = > 0.99), and anemia (P = 0.34). When compared to late teenagers, early teenagers had similar cesarean sections rates (P = >0.99), instrumental delivery rates (P = 0.56) and spontaneous vaginal delivery rates (P > 0.99). Both groups had similar birth weights (P = 0.87), low birth weights, (P = 0.55), and very low birth weights babies (P = 0.56 %). Perinatal mortality rate was similar in both groups.

Conclusion

We may conclude that early teenage pregnant Omani women are not at increased risk of obstetric and perinatal complication compared to older teenagers.     

Diffusion tensor measures of the corpus callosum in adolescents with adolescent onset alcohol use disorders

Background: In adults, myelination injury is associated with alcoholism. Maturation of the corpus callosum is prominent during adolescence. We hypothesized that subjects with adolescent‐onset alcohol use disorders (AUD; defined as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐IV alcohol dependence or abuse) would have myelination mircostructural differences compared to controls. Methods: Adolescent subjects (25 males, 7 females) with an AUD (16.9 ± 1.2 years), who were recruited from substance abuse treatment programs and had co‐morbid mental disorders, and 28 sociodemographically similar healthy controls (17 males, 11 females; 15.9 ± 1.1 years) underwent a 3.0 T MRI diffusion tensor imaging scan. Results: Measures of rostral body fractional anisotropy (FA) were higher in the AUD group than in the control group. Compared to controls, mean diffusivity (MD) was lower, while FA was higher, in the AUD group in the isthmus region. Anterior corpus callosum mircostructural development differed in adolescents with AUD, as age was positively (not negatively) associated with rostrum MD and age was negatively (not positively) associated with rostrum FA. There were sex by group interactions in that control females had higher posterior midbody FA when compared to female adolescents with AUD. Conclusions: Lower MD and higher FA values in the AUD group suggest pre‐morbid vulnerability for accelerated prefrontal and temporo‐parietal myelin maturation that may enhance the risk for adolescent AUD. Significant (and opposite to developmentally expected) correlations were seen between anterior corpus callosum MD and FA measures and age in the AUD group, suggesting neurotoxic effects of alcohol on adolescent corpus callosum microstructure. As seen in adults, female adolescents with AUD may be especially vulnerable to corpus callosum mircostructural injury. Further diffusion tensor imaging studies of corpus callosum maturation in children at familial risk for alcoholism, and in those with AUD, need to be done to elucidate these mechanisms.     

Brain activation, response inhibition, and increased risk for substance use disorder

Background:  Youth at high risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs) often exhibit differences which suggest inhibitory impairments when compared to average risk youth.
Methods:  To examine the underlying neural activity related to these impairments, functional MRI (fMRI) was employed in adolescents during an antisaccade task requiring inhibition of an eye movement response. Each subject's level of neurobehavioral disinhibition (ND) was assessed using a multi-informant, multi-method approach, which has been shown to be highly predictive of SUD onset. The fMRI data was categorized into neural regions of interest according to total frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe activation.
Results:  Results demonstrated that ND score was negatively correlated with total amount of frontal activation, but was not significantly correlated with total activation in any other neural region.
Conclusions:  These results indicate deficits in frontal activation in youth with high amounts of ND, suggesting a possible developmental delay of executive processes in high-risk youth.     

Effects of adolescent nicotine and SR 147778 (Surinabant) administration on food intake, somatic growth and metabolic parameters in rats

Tobacco smoking and obesity are worldwide important health problems with a growing impact in adolescent and young adults. One of the consequences of nicotine withdrawal is an increase in body weight that can act as a risk factor to relapse. Experimental therapies with a cannabinoid receptor antagonist have been recently proposed for both cigarette smoking and complicated overweight. In the present study, we aimed to investigate metabolic and hormonal effects of chronic nicotine treatment (during treatment and in abstinence) in an animal model of adolescence as well as to address the pharmacological effects of the novel selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR 147778 (Surinabant). Adolescence (postnatal days 37-44) and/or post-adolescence (postnatal days 45-59) administration of Surinabant reduced body weight gain, as well as plasma glucose levels and triglycerides. The drug also reduced insulin and leptin secretion, and increased adiponectin and corticosterone levels. The effects showed sexual dimorphisms and, in general, were more pronounced in females. Chronic exposure to nicotine (0.8 mg/kg), from postnatal days 30-44 did not result in overt effects on food intake or body weight gain. However, it altered certain responses to the administration of Surinabant, both when the two drugs were given simultaneously and when Surinabant was administered during the post-adolescence period, along nicotine withdrawal. The present results indicate that the endogenous cannabinoid system is active as a metabolic modulator during adolescence and that nicotine exposure can induce long-lasting effects on metabolic regulation, altering cannabinoid modulation of energy expenditure and metabolism.