Duane's retraction syndrome: a retrospective review from Kathmandu, Nepal

Purpose: The aim was to study the clinical characteristics of Duane's retraction syndrome (DRS) in Nepalese patients. Method: Medical records from 52 cases of DRS from May 2003 to April 2010 were retrospectively reviewed for age, gender, laterality and clinical characteristics. Forty‐one case records (78.8 per cent) that had complete clinical findings were considered for further evaluation. Examination included visual acuity by Snellen chart, refraction, associated horizontal and vertical strabismus in primary gaze, upshoot and downshoot on attempted adduction, binocular vision assessed with the Worth four‐dot test on adopted gaze and stereopsis examined with the Titmus stereo test. Results: DRS type I was the most common type observed in 73.2 per cent of cases, followed by DRS type II (14.6 per cent) and DRS type III (12.2 per cent). It was more common in female patients (58.5 per cent) than male patients (χ²= 4.6, df = 1, p = 0.03). DRS was more common in the left eye (68.3 per cent) than the right eye and unilaterally present in 95.1 per cent of subjects. In primary gaze, orthotropia (41.5 per cent) was more common than exotropia (34.1 per cent) and esotropia (24.4 per cent) and vertical strabismus was present in 24.4 per cent of subjects. Upshoot and downshoot on attempted adduction was seen in 14.6 and 9.8 per cent, respectively. Binocular single vision was present in 68.3 per cent of subjects by Worth four‐dot test at near. Stereopsis of 3,000 seconds of arc was present in 9.8 per cent, 100 to 200 seconds of arc in 14.6 per cent and 40 to 60 seconds of arc in 43.9 per cent with the Titmus stereo test. Conclusion: DRS is more common in female patients and the left eye. DRS type I is the most common type.     

Prevalence and risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma in a rural northeast China population: a population-based survey in Bin County, Harbin

Purpose

To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in a rural population in northeast China.

Methods

A population-based survey was conducted within Bin County, Harbin of northeast China. Glaucoma was diagnosed using International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria. All the subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination.

Results

A total of 4956 (86.0%) of 5762 subjects aged 40 years or older were examined. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of right eyes was 14.0 (95% confidence interval (CI), 13.9 to 14.1) mm Hg. The prevalence of POAG was 0.71% (35/4956, 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.93). In these POAG subjects, 17 (48.6%) had elevated IOP >21 mm Hg in either eye, 3 (8.8%) participants had been treated by laser trabeculoplasty or trabeculectomy and were known to have POAG. Vision impairment to varying degrees was present in 20 subjects (58.8%) with 1 subject blind in both eyes and 8 subjects blind in one eye. On multivariate analysis, age, family history of glaucoma, systemic hypertension, and IOP were regarded as significant independent risk factors.

Conclusions

POAG is a disease of serious consequence and of low diagnosis and treatment rates in rural northeast China. Age, family history of glaucoma, systemic hypertension, and IOP remain as significant independent risk factors for POAG.     

宁波市北仑区婴儿先天性心脏病监测结果分析

目的 了解浙江省宁波市北仑区婴儿先天性心脏病(CHD)患病情况及其影响因素.方法 主要采用心脏听诊和超声检查相结合的方法,对北仑区内2008-2010年出生的本地和外地户籍11317名婴儿的CHD患病情况进行监测.结果 婴儿CHD患病率为10.78‰,本地户籍婴儿患病率为7.63‰,外地户籍婴儿患病率为13.76‰;CHD类型构成前3位为房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、房间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭;68.85％ CHD婴儿在新生儿期确诊,35.24％在1岁内有自行闭合现象,10.17％在1岁内死亡,36.89％曾合并新生儿疾病,9.84％伴有心外畸形;早产儿、低出生体重儿和母亲高龄生育、文化程度低、职业为家务者婴儿患病率较高.结论 本地户籍婴儿CHD患病率有上升趋势,外地户籍婴儿CHD患病率高于本地人口婴儿.     

深圳市某企业员工脂肪肝患病情况分析

目的探讨广东省深圳市企业员工脂肪肝患病情况及其影响因素。方法对深圳市某企业1 612名员工的健康体检资料进行t检验、χ2检验和Logistic回归分析。结果深圳市某企业员工的脂肪肝患病率为32.5%,脂肪肝组体重指数(27.83±3.53)kg/m2、腰围(92.09±8.64)cm、收缩压(128.99±13.73)mmHg、舒张压(82.49±11.39)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133kPa)、总胆固醇(5.41±1.00)mmol/L、甘油三酯(2.53±2.20)mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白(3.43±0.81)mmol/L、空腹血糖(5.28±1.31)mmol/L、谷丙转氨酶(45.83±31.07)U/L和尿酸(453.51±89.39)μmol/L等指标高于非脂肪肝组,高密度脂蛋白(1.06±0.21)mmol/L低于非脂肪肝组(P均<0.01)。结论深圳市企业员工脂肪肝患病率较高,影响因素较多,有必要采取一系列综合性防治措施。     

出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡51例临床分析

目的 探索出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡的主要致病因素,为其防治提供依据.方法 对98名出租车驾驶员进行电子胃镜检查,根据检查结果分为溃疡组及正常组.然后根据调查问卷对各影响因素进行logistic回归分析.结果 出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡的患病率为52.0％,经logistic回归分析结果显示,就餐是否准时、口味偏辣、饭菜冷热、吸烟、饮酒、精神紧张、幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染及胃病保健知识等因素具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),可能是出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡发病的危险因素.结论 在重视根除HP感染的基础上同样重视饮食结构及生活习惯的调整、精神紧张的调节,将有助于出租车驾驶员消化性溃疡的防治.     

A Bayesian method for estimating prevalence in the presence of a hidden sub-population

When estimating the prevalence of a binary trait in a population, the presence of a hidden sub‐population that cannot be sampled will lead to nonidentifiability and potentially biased estimation. We propose a Bayesian model of trait prevalence for a weighted sample from the non‐hidden portion of the population, by modeling the relationship between prevalence and sampling probability. We studied the behavior of the posterior distribution on population prevalence, with the large‐sample limits of posterior distributions obtained in simple analytical forms that give intuitively expected properties. We performed MCMC simulations on finite samples to evaluate the effectiveness of statistical learning. We applied the model and the results to two illustrative datasets arising from weighted sampling. Our work confirms that sensible results can be obtained using Bayesian analysis, despite the nonidentifiability in this situation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation and testing of the relative risk of disease in case-control studies with a set of k matched controls per case with known prevalence of disease

The analysis of case-control studies with matched controls per case is well documented in the medical literature. Of primary interest is the estimation of the relative risk of disease. Matched case-control studies fall into two scenarios: the probability of exposure is constant within each of the case and control groups, or the probability of exposure varies within each group. Numerous estimation procedures have been developed for both scenarios. Often these procedures are developed under the rare disease assumption, where the relative risk of disease is approximated by the odds ratio. In this paper, without making the rare disease assumption, we develop consistent estimators of the relative risk of disease for both scenarios. Exact derivations of the relative risk of disease are provided. Estimators, confidence intervals, and test statistics for the relative risk of disease are developed. We then make the following observations based on extensive simulations. First, our estimators are as close or closer to the relative risk of disease than other estimators. Second, our estimators produce mean square errors for the relative risk of disease that are as good as or better than these other estimators. Third, our confidence intervals provide accurate coverage probabilities. Therefore, these new estimators, confidence intervals, and test statistics can be used to either estimate or test the relative risk of disease in matched case-control studies.     

Disaggregating Canadian immigrant smoking behaviour by country of birth

As of the 2006 census, nearly one fifth of Canada's population was foreign-born. With such a sizeable and fast-growing immigrant population, research in immigrant health in Canada is increasingly important, including research on the smoking behaviours of Canada's immigrants. Research has shown that immigrants are significantly less likely to smoke than non-immigrants, yet differences by immigrant origins have yet to be fully explored. This paper explores smoking prevalence and cessation amongst immigrants in Canada disaggregated by country of birth. Additionally, it examines the impact of neighbourhood level effects on smoking cessation to determine if residential location has an impact on the likelihood of quitting. Results reveal important heterogeneities previously unseen in studies employing aggregate data. While immigrants in general were less likely to smoke than non-immigrants, and are also more likely to quit than non-immigrants, considerable variation exists between immigrant groups defined by origin region or country. Asian immigrants were the least likely to smoke but exhibited the greatest variation between countries of origin. Vietnamese men were found to be the most likely immigrant group to smoke and among the least likely to quit. While neighbourhood disadvantage was negatively associated with quitting smoking, it is not as important as individual socioeconomic characteristics in explaining variations in smoking cessation. The research illustrates the need for disaggregated data to account for the diversity of Canada's immigrant population.     

淮北矿区职工神经症流行病学调查

目的：了解淮北矿区职工神经症的患病率。方法采用多级分层整群概率比例随机抽样的方法抽取淮北矿区职工2830名,应用神经症筛查表和精神状况检查表对入组被试进行神经症流行病学调查。结果本组被试神经症患病率为30．99‰,显著高于1993年中国七地区精神疾病流行病学调查神经症患病率（14．98‰）（χ2＝16．59,P＜0．01）;不同性别、年龄、工种神经症患病率比较差异均有显著或极显著性（ P＜0．05或0．01）。结论淮北矿区职工神经症患病率较高,矿区职工神经症防治工作亟待加强。