小牛脾提取物注射液联合化疗治疗晚期胃癌的疗效观察

目的:评价小牛脾提取物注射液辅助紫杉醇(PTX)+替加氟(FT-207)+亚叶酸钙(LV)治疗晚期胃癌的疗效。方法:采用信封法将43例晚期胃癌患者随机分为2组,治疗组20例采用小牛脾提取物注射液辅助PTX+FT-207+LV治疗;对照组23例单用PTX+FT-207+LV治疗。治疗组于开始化疗时即给予小牛脾提取物注射液静脉滴注8ml/d,连续应用10天。分别于治疗前后对患者外周血白细胞、肝肾功能、消化道反应、生存情况、疗效进行评价。结果:治疗组及对照组的总有效率分别为65.0%及34.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组及对照组中位生存时间分别为12个月和10个月(P>0.05),治疗组及对照组1年生存率分别为60.0%及21.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组生活质量显著改善,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组白细胞减少程度均好于对照组。结论:小牛脾提取物注射液联合PTX+FT-207+LV可以增强疗效,减轻骨髓毒性及消化道反应,提高患者生存质量和化疗耐受性,值得临床推广。     

替加氟乳腺组织穿透及向氟尿嘧啶转化的药动学研究

 目的描述替加氟在血浆、乳腺肿瘤组织和正常组织中向氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)转化的药动学过程。方法39名乳腺癌化疗病人po替加氟200 mg,同步采集血浆、肿瘤组织和相邻正常组织样品,并用HPLC测定替加氟和5-FU的浓度。使用自建的药动学模型拟合替加氟和5-FU的药-时曲线,并利用拟合参数计算血浆和乳腺组织中替加氟和5-FU的组织分布因子,以及替加氟向5-FU的转化率。结果替加氟在肿瘤、邻近正常组织和血浆中的AUC分别为51.20,59.28μg·h·g^-1和156.44μg·h·g^-1;半衰期分别为11.22,11.30和11.92 h。5-FU在肿瘤、邻近正常组织和血浆中的AUC分别为4.25,2.87μg·h·g^-1和1.68 mg·h·L^-1。替加氟在正常组织中的组织分布因子(AUC_Tumor/AUC_plasma)为0.33,肿瘤组织中的组织分布因子(AUC_H-tissue/AUC_plasma)为0.38;5-FU在乳腺肿瘤的组织分布因子AUC_Tumor/AUC_plasma为2.53,正常组织的组织分布因子AUC_H-tissue/AUC_plasma为1.71。结论血浆、乳腺肿瘤组织和相邻正常组织的药-时曲线拟合对替加氟转化为5-FU及5-FU消除过程进行了较好的描述。替加氟在乳腺肿瘤组织和相邻正常组织中的分布较为接近,其活性代谢产物5-FU在肿瘤组织中分布为血浆的2.53倍,为正常组织的1.71倍。替加氟在肿瘤组织中向5-FU的转化率较高。     

替吉奥联合奥沙利铂治疗晚期胃癌临床研究

目的探讨替吉奥联合奥沙利铂治疗晚期胃癌的临床疗效及毒副反应。方法92例胃癌患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,各46例。治疗组给予替吉奥联合奥沙利铂方案治疗;对照组给予5-氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）、亚叶酸钙联合奥沙利铂方案治疗。观察2组近期临床疗效与不良反应发生情况。结果治疗组总有效率为47．8％,对照组总有效率为26．1％,2组治疗总有效率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,白细胞减少、贫血、血小板减少、腹泻、口腔黏膜炎、外周神经炎、肝功能异常等不良反应发生率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论替吉奥联合奥沙利铂治疗晚期胃癌近期疗效较好,不良反应轻。     

Proteomic analysis of stage I primary lung adenocarcinoma aimed at individualisation of postoperative therapy

Although postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (PAC) with uracil-tegafur significantly improves the prognosis of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma, subset analysis has revealed that only 11.5% of patients with stage IB derive actual benefit from such therapy. Therefore, it is extremely important to identify patients for whom adjuvant chemotherapy will be beneficial. We performed comprehensive protein analysis of 24 surgically resected specimens of stage I adenocarcinoma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), followed by bioinformatical investigations to identify protein molecules. Furthermore, we carried out immunohistochemical studies of 90 adenocarcinoma specimens to validate the results of LC-MS/MS. We detected two kinds of protein molecules (myosin IIA and vimentin) by LC-MS/MS. We confirmed their immunohistochemical expression and distribution, and evaluated the relationship between the expression of these proteins and prognosis after adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with no expression of either myosin IIA or vimentin showed a significantly better outcome regardless of PAC using uracil-tegafur. However, we were unable to select responders to uracil-tegafur using these proteins. Cases of adenocarcinoma lacking expression of either myosin IIA or vimentin show a good outcome without PAC, and therefore do not require such treatment.     

Efficacy and safety of anlotinib plus S-1 as thirdly-line or later-line treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Objective Anlotinib,an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR2)inhibitor,has confirmed antitumor activity in lung cancer in both in vitro and in vivo assays,and has been recommended as third-line treatment agent in non-oncogene driven non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).This prospective study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib plus S-1 for third-or later-line treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC.Methods Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed NSCLC,and documented disease progression following second-line chemotherapy,and/or epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR-TKI)treatment were enrolled in this study.The patients were treated anlotinib(8 mg daily d 1–14)and S-1(60 mg/m^2 d 1–14)and the treatment was repeated every 3 weeks.Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred.The objective response rate(ORR),disease control rate(DCR),progression-free survival(PFS),and adverse events(AEs)were reviewed and evaluated.Results Forty-one patients were enrolled in the study between June 2018 and December 2018.The total ORR and DCR were 26.8%and 80.5%,respectively.The median PFS was 5.2 months[95%confidence interval(CI),3.9 to 6.6 months].In the univariate analysis,there was a significant difference in the median PFS between patients with brain metastases and those without brain metastases(4.8 months vs 5.9 months,respectively;P=0.039).The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)performance status(P=0.002),lines of therapy(P=0.015),and therapeutic evaluation(P=0.014)were independent factors that influenced PFS.The most common AEs were hypertension,proteinuria,myelosuppression,gastrointestinal reactions,fatigue,and mucositis.Conclusion Anlotinib plus S-1 is an effective and safe regimen for advanced NSCLC as third-or later-line therapy.     

Stereoselective metabolism and pharmacokinetics of tegafur.

OBJECTIVES: UFT is composed of racemic tegafur (FT), a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and uracil in a fixed molar combination (1:4). FT contains a chiral center and has two stereoisomers, R-FT and S-FT. The objectives of this study were to assess the stereoselectivity in the metabolism of FT to 5-FU in vitro and to determine stereoselective differences in the disposition of FT in vivo. METHODOLOGY: R-FT, S-FT, and racemic FT were incubated with pooled human liver microsomes and S-9 fraction for a period of up to 30 min for in vitro studies. For pharmacokinetics, plasma samples were obtained from fasted cancer patients over a period of 24 h after oral administration of 200 mg UFT. Samples from in vitro studies and patient plasma samples were analyzed for FT using a validated achiral and a chiral assay, and for 5-FU using a validated GC/MS assay. RESULTS: R-FT was metabolized at a rate 5.6-times faster than S-FT by human liver microsomes. Similarly, stereoselective metabolism of R-FT was also seen in the S-9 incubations. In cancer patients, the peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) and the time to reach C(max) (T(max)) were similar for the two isomers after the administration of UFT suggesting no apparent differences in their absorption kinetics. However, the area under the curve from zero to infinity [AUC(INF)] and the terminal elimination half-life (T-HALF) values for R-FT were about 4.6- and 4.4-fold lower compared to S-FT, respectively, suggesting the preferential elimination of R-FT. The T-HALF of racemic FT (8.3 h) was comparable to the T-HALF of S-FT (10.3 h) which indicated that the kinetics of the racemate are governed by S-FT. The active cytotoxic moiety, 5-FU, exhibited formation rate limited kinetics from R-FT because the T-HALF of 5-FU (3.4 h) was similar to that of R-FT (2.4 h). CONCLUSIONS: The R-isomer of FT is preferentially metabolized to 5-FU compared to the S-isomer in vitro. The distinct kinetic profiles of the stereoisomers of FT following the administration of UFT is apparently due to the stereoselective disposition of the R-isomer relative to the S-isomer. These data suggest that the R-isomer of FT is worthy of further preclinical and clinical evaluation for safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics.     

Phase II study of S-1, a novel oral fluorophyrimidine derivative, in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. S-1 Cooperative Colorectal Carcinoma Study Group

This study set out to evaluate, in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma, the efficacy and toxicity of S-1, which contains tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP) and potassium oxonate, based on a biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) targeted at inhibition of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). Sixty-three patients with measurable metastatic colorectal carcinoma were enrolled into the study. None of the patients had received prior chemotherapy except for adjuvant setting. S-1 was administered orally twice daily at a standard dose of 80 mg m(-2) day(-1) for 28 days followed by a 14-day rest. This agent is continued until disease progression, unaccepted toxicity, or patient refusal. Twenty-two (35%) of the 62 eligible patients achieved PR with a 95% confidence interval of 25-48%. Five of the 10 patients with a history of adjuvant chemotherapy achieved partial remission. The median survival time was 12 months. Major adverse reactions included myelosuppressive and gastrointestinal toxicities, though their incidence of grade 3 or 4 being 13% in neutropenia and less than 10% in the others. None of the 53 patients treated as outpatients required hospitalization due to adverse reactions: These results suggest that S-1 achieves similar responses to those of infusional 5-FU plus leucovorin and shows the potential of another biochemical modulation with easily manageable toxicity.     

UFT plus gemcitabine combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a multi-institutional phase II trial

A multi-institutional phase II trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of combination chemotherapy consisting of gemcitabine and UFT, which is composed of tegafur and uracil, for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Patients with advanced NSCLC received an oral administration of UFT (tegafur 200 mg m(-2)) b.i.d. from days 1 to 14 and intravenous injection of gemcitabine 900 mg m(-2) on days 8 and 15. This treatment was repeated every 4 weeks. A total of 44 patients were enrolled into this trial. The median age of all patients was 74 years, with 23 patients younger than 75 years and 21 patients with 75 years of age or older. A total of 18 patients (41%) achieved a partial response. The median survival time was 13.2 months and the 1-year survival rate was 59%. The most common grade 3-4 toxicity was neutropenia (57%). The frequency of grade 3 nonhaematologic toxicities was less than 5%. In addition, no significant difference in the response, survival or toxicities was observed between the patients younger than and those older than 75 years of age. This combination chemotherapy demonstrated a promising effectiveness and acceptable toxicity in patients with advanced NSCLC, even in patients older than 75 years. .     

Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy with oral tegafur-uracil and leucovorin for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of pre-operative radiotherapy (RT) combined with oral tegafur-uracil (UFUR) plus leucovorin (LV) in rectal cancer. PATIENTS: Sixty-five patients with rectal adenocarcinoma (clinical staged T2-4N0-2M0) received pelvic RT of 45 Gy in 20 fractions over 28 days. Concurrent chemotherapy consisted of UFUR (200 mg/m(2)/day) and LV (45 mg/day) on day 1-28. UFUR (250 mg/m(2)/day) and LV were continued on day 36-63. Surgery was performed on day 70. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients completed the concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and 56 received curative or palliative surgery. Among the 52 patients receiving curative resection, downstaging (DS) occurred in 39 (75%), pathological complete response in 13 (25%), and sphincter preservation was achieved in 16 of 29 (55%) with lower-seated tumors. With a median follow-up time of 33 months, local failure developed in 4 (8%) and distant metastases occurred in 7 (14%). The 3-year overall survival was 92% and disease-free survival 76%. For all 65 patients, grade 3-4 diarrhea developed in 6 (9%) and grade 3-4 leucopenia observed in 2 (3%). CONCLUSIONS: Oral UFUR + LV administered with pre-operative RT are effective in tumor DS, pathological complete response, and sphincter preservation with tolerable toxicity in rectal cancer.     

A phase II study of epirubicin, cisplatin and uracil-tegafur for advanced gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Due to its greater convenience, a combination of uracil and tegafur (referred to as UFT) taken orally is an attractive alternative to continuous intravenous (i.v.) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion. This phase II study assessed the response rate and toxicity profile of the combination of epirubicin, cisplatin and UFT in patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach. METHODS: Epirubicin (50 mg/m(2)) and cisplatin (60 mg/m(2)) were administered i.v. to 35 patients with metastatic gastric carcinoma on day 1, and subsequently UFT (300 mg/m(2)/day) was administered orally in divided doses for 21 days. The treatment was repeated every 3 weeks. The response rate, time to disease progression, survival and toxic effects were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-two of the 35 enrolled patients were assessed subsequently for response. The median number of cycles was four. Thirteen patients (40.6%) showed partial responses, while none showed a complete response. The median time to progression of carcinoma was 20.4 weeks, and the median survival was 37 weeks. Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia was observed in 25% of patients. Grade 3 nausea and vomiting was observed in 28% of patients. No treatment-related death was observed. All patients received doses as planned, except for one who required a 75% dose reduction due to nephrotoxicity. Six of 132 cycles were delayed >7 days after four cycles. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of epirubicin, cisplatin and UFT showed anticancer activity against metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma, had a tolerable toxicity profile and showed excellent patient compliance.