57例胎膜早破的临床分析

目的探讨胎膜早破与剖宫产及母儿并发症的关系。方法对本院2004年~2005年分娩的898例产妇资料进行回顾性分析,其中胎膜早破组57例,对照组(胎膜未破)841例,对两组进行总体成数假设检验。结果胎膜早破组羊膜腔感染率、早产率、子宫内膜炎发生率均较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),但剖宫产率、新生儿成活率、产后出血率两组间无显著差异(P>0.01)。结论胎膜早破与羊膜腔感染综合征、早产、子宫内膜炎成因果关系,与剖宫产、新生儿成活、产后出血无必然的因果关系。故及时应用抗生素,适时促胎肺成熟,适时终止妊娠,合理选择分娩方式,可以使胎膜早破者不会提高剖宫产率、产后出血率、新生儿死亡率,但对于胎膜早破者需及时、有效、合理选择广谱抗生素,降低羊膜腔感染和子宫内膜炎发生率,降低早产率。     

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: MRI features and clinical presentation

We report the MRI features in a series of four patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS). Based on MRI features, clinical presentation, paraclinical investigations and laboratory tests, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, various differentials were considered. In two patients with MRI findings of cortical, subcortical and deep white matter lesions, lack of mass effect, focal areas of bleed and heterogeneous parenchymal, leptomeningeal or pial enhancement and a normal magnetic resonance angiography, a differential diagnosis of primary angiitis of the CNS was also considered. In all patients, an open brain biopsy was advised to establish a definitive diagnosis of PACNS. Here, we briefly discuss the MRI features, correlation with clinical presentation and paraclinical parameters for the diagnosis of this entity. We also briefly review the literature.     

58例多原发癌临床分析

Objective to Present 56 cases of multiple primary cancers,to make improvement of diagnosis and treatment.methods A total of 58 patients with multiple primary cancers admitted from 2003 to 2007 were analysed retrospectively in Beijing Tongren Hospital.Results Thirty-five cases were males,with sex ratio of male and female 1.5:1.The median age at the onset of the first disease was 61.5 years (ranged from 27 to 86).The onset age of the two primary cancers was mainly centered around 50～75 years,while half of the second cancers occurred within five years.Conclusion the treatment and prognosis of the two primary cancers are different from that of the recurred and metastatic malignancies and shoule be handled with care.     

Ultrastructural detection of neuronally transported choleragenoid by postembedding immunocytochemistry in freeze-substituted Lowicryl HM20™ embedded tissue

Choleragenoid (cholera toxin B-fragment; CTB) is an anterograde, retrograde and transganglionic neuronal tracer. We describe a method for detecting CTB-labeled neuronal cell bodies, neurites and boutons at the ultrastructural level, using postembedding immunogold techniques on freeze-substituted Lowicryl HM20™ embedded nervous tissue. Primary afferents and motoneurons were labeled by injection of CTB in the dorsal ramus of the C2 spinal nerve of the rat. Following fixation with paraformaldehyde (4%) and glutaraldehyde (0.25%), tissue sections from the spinal cord C2 segment were freeze-substituted and embedded in Lowicryl HM20™ and subsequently processed with postembedding immunocytochemistry for CTB and glutamate. Immunogold particles indicating CTB immunoreactivity were found over primary afferents and motoneurons. In primary afferents in the central cervical nucleus (CCN) and motor nuclei, immunogold labeling was seen in boutons over vesicle-containing axoplasm and to a lesser extent over axoplasm devoid of vesicles, but not over mitochondria or axolemma. In motoneurons, immunogold particles were seen over the Golgi apparatus in the soma and over lysosomes in both soma and dendrites. Quantification of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in 20 CTB-labeled and 20 CTB-negative boutons in the neuropil was found similar, indicating that CTB does not interfere with the immunocytochemical detection of neuronal epitopes such as the transmitter substance glutamate.     

A critical incident study in child health

The critical incident technique is an objective method of analysing doctors' professional behaviour. It extracts the skills which should be taught and assessed in any training programme. In such a study in child health, 438 incidents were collected from general practitioners, paediatricians and others, and analysed according to the problem, the disease, the setting, the skill and the attitude involved. Most of the problems concerned non-specific symptoms (e.g. 'unwell baby', 'fever') and the main skill categories (each with many subheadings) were clinical management (especially at home), the diagnostic process and interpersonal skills. Training of doctors in child health should emphasize the competencies highlighted in this study.     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌18例分析

目的：探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）合并甲状腺癌（甲癌）的诊断和治疗。方法：回顾分析1990年1月于2000年1月手术治疗18例甲亢合并甲癌患者的临床资料，结果：微小癌占83％（15／18）。术前彩超检查15例，14例发现可疑结节；13例行癌侧叶全切除和对侧叶次全切除术，5例行双侧叶次全切除术，其中3例同时行颈淋巴结清扫术，1例二次行颈淋巴结清扫术。随访16例，平均随访7年，1例死于癌肺转移，余者仍存活，结论：术前常规彩超检查发现可疑结节有助于术中冰冻切片病理检查，手术治疗应兼顾甲亢和甲癌。     

肝癌患者HBV血清学标志和HBV-DNA的关系

目的 为了探讨肝癌患血清中HBV标志物与HBV－DNA之间的相关性。方法 运用酶联免疫吸附试验和聚合酶链式反应同时检测血清中HBV标志物和HBV－DNA。结果 在427例肝癌患的血清中，HBV－M（＋）为74．0％，HBV－DNA（＋）为44．0％，与正常对照组差异非常显。结论 乙型肝炎病毒的感染与复制仍是肝癌的主要致病因素。     

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶在原发性肝癌中的表达

目的：为了解谷胱甘肽S－转移酶及其同工酶在原发性肝癌患者中的表达情况。方法：采用免疫组化方法对不同分化程度肝癌组织32例和肝硬化组织11例行GSTs和GST－π表达的研究，并以γ-GT作为对照；同时对128例不同肝病患者血清中GSTs活性作检测。结果：GSTs、GST－π及γ－GT的表达与肿瘤的分化程度有关，分化越差，阳性率越低，反之亦然；GST－π在分化良好组阳性表达率明显高于肝为后肝硬化组（P＜0．05）；血清GSTs活性检测肝癌组与正常对照组相比没有显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论：GST－π是优于γ-GT的肝癌标志酶，尤其在分化程度良好的肝癌，对临床区分肝癌的分化程度有一定的意义。     

TRH、EGF及地塞米松促进未成熟胎肺组织分化及表面活性物质合成的研究

目的 比较TRH、EGF与地塞米松对未成熟胎肺形态发育及表面活性物质水平的影响。方法 在兔妊娠第22－24d或第24－26d分别用TRH、EGF或地塞米松母体静脉注射治病，通过光镜、图像分析及电镜等技术观察胎肺的形态结构，并检测胎肺的磷脂水平。结果 光镜下，TRH、EGF与地塞米松治疗组第25d及27d胎肺肺泡腔、肺泡间隔发育均明显好于对照组；EGF、TRH与地塞米松治疗组第27d胎肺的肺泡腔与肺泡间隔的面积比无明显差异。但EGF和TRH治疗组第25d胎肺的肺泡腔与肺泡间隔之比明显小于地塞米松治疗组。电镜下，三个治疗组第27d胎肺内含有板层体的Ⅱ型上皮细胞数量明显多于对照组，但各治疗组及对照组第25d的胎肺Ⅱ型上皮细胞胞浆内几乎未见明显板层体，相反胞浆内糖原含量却非常丰富。此外，三个治疗组27d胎肺的磷脂水平均明显高于对照组。结论 EGF、TRH及地塞米松在兔妊娠第24－26d母体治疗均能促进胎肺的形态发育和表面活性物质的合成，三种治疗方法对胎肺的影响程序无明显不同；在妊娠第22－24d治疗，地塞米松对胎肺形态结构的促进作用较EGF和TRH更明显，但三者对Ⅱ型上皮细胞分化及表面活性物质的合成均无明显影响。     

The 5-Step family intervention in primary care: II. The views of primary healthcare professionals

Background: This is the second of two papers using qualitative methods from a study of an intervention for family members affected by close relatives' substance misuse problems.

Participants: 168 primary healthcare professionals (PHCPs: GPs, practice nurses and health visitors) working in general practices in two areas of England, and who took part in the study.

Data sources: Recruitment and post-session forms completed by PHCPs; telephone interviews with each PHCP 12 weeks after recruitment of a family member; interviews with PHCPs at the end of the study.

Results: At the end of the project PHCPs were overwhelmingly positive about the family member intervention and about primary care as the appropriate site. Difficulties were encountered, however, in identifying and engaging affected family members, who were often excluded on grounds of the complexity of their problems or the level of their distress. Shortage of PHCP time and other practice-related factors added to the difficulty. Active work by a PHCP was often necessary in order to make the link between presenting symptoms of physical or mental ill-health and the existence of a family substance misuse problem. When family members were identified and recruited, PHCPs were usually positive about what was achieved. Nearly all were in favour of an approach that combined giving a self-help manual with some follow-up contact with a family member as needed.

Conclusions: Taken in conjunction with statistical outcome findings of significant reductions in symptoms and changes in ways of coping, plus qualitative analysis of the views of family members, the present results encourage the view that a flexible form of this intervention should be developed for use in primary healthcare, and that further work should build on existing strengths and attempt to overcome weaknesses identified.