基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术的霍山野生及栽培赤芝的代谢组学分析

目的:通过对霍山野生赤芝(HW)、仿野生赤芝(HI)和栽培赤芝(HC)的差异性研究,为进一步评价野生、仿野生和栽培的赤芝质量提供参考。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱法(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)对HW、HI和HC进行代谢物测定,采用主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘-法判别分析(OPLS-DA)等多变量统计分析方法进行HW和HC代谢组学分析,并对差异代谢物定性鉴定。结果:PCA结果显示,HW和HI、HC在t[2]主成分方向区分明显,差异大;HI与HC差异较小。OPLS-DA结果表明,HW中灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸D、灵芝酸A含量显著高于HC;而HC中赤芝酸A、赤芝酸E2和赤芝酸D 3种成分含量显著高于HW。结论:通过对霍山野生赤芝和霍山栽培赤芝的差异性分析,并对差异性化合物进行了定性研究,从而为野生和栽培的赤芝的品质鉴别提供参考。     

Diet‐derived microbial metabolites in health and disease

The gut microbiota helps us digest food and has been associated with both good health and risk of disease. Although compositions of the gut microbiota are highly divergent, the gut microbiota exhibits a high level of functional redundancy making it difficult to reliably link gut microbiome patterns to health and diet across individuals. Thus, there is a need to move beyond profiling of the gut microbial composition to the assessment of gut microbial metabolic activity in order to expand knowledge on the impact of the gut microbiota on health. Metabolomics has already proven its utility in identifying gut‐derived microbial metabolites, which may be mediators of diet‐induced host–microbial crosstalk important for health. These diet‐derived metabolites include, among many others, the short‐chain fatty acids originating from bacterial degradation of dietary fibres and proteins, secondary bile acids derived from primary bile acids, microbial tryptophan catabolites resulting from proteolysis, imidazole propionate produced from histidine and trimethylamine N‐oxide, a host–microbial co‐metabolite of nutrients such as phosphatidylcholine, choline and L‐carnitine, present in high‐fat foods. These co‐metabolites have been associated with beneficial and detrimental effects in the host. However, the vast majority of metabolites measured by untargeted metabolomics in human blood and excreta remain unknown and may include additional microbial molecules of importance for health. Thus, there is great potential, yet to be explored, for identifying additional diet‐derived microbial products that affect the host. Herein, we review key advances, challenges and limitations in our understanding of diet–microbiome interactions and diet‐derived microbial metabolites in relation to human health and discuss how metabolomics may shed light on inter‐individual differences in dietary responses.     

Dietary protein source and butyrylated high-amylose maize starch included in a high-protein diet determines the urinary metabolome of rats

Intake of red and processed meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas dairy product consumption and the intake of dietary fibre are negatively associated with this risk. We investigated the effect of (i) low-protein diets with either whey or cooked meat (beef) as the protein source and (ii) high-protein diets with cooked meat (beef) either without or with the inclusion of 10% butyrylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSB), on the urinary metabolome of rats. Urine samples from rats were analysed using untargeted LC-MS metabolomics. The level and source of the dietary protein affected the urinary excretion of numerous metabolites indicating that several metabolic pathways were changed. The inclusion of HAMSB in a high-protein diet caused significant alterations in the excretion of several metabolites. HAMSB reduced urinary excretion of potentially harmful metabolites resulting from a high level of meat consumption.     

Understanding kidney disease: toward the integration of regulatory networks across species

Animal models have long been useful in investigating both normal and abnormal human physiology. Systems biology provides a relatively new set of approaches to identify similarities and differences between animal models and human beings that may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of human kidney pathophysiology. In this review, we briefly describe how genome-wide analyses of mouse models have helped elucidate features of human kidney diseases, discuss strategies to achieve effective network integration, and summarize currently available web-based tools that may facilitate integration of data across species. The rapid progress in systems biology and orthology, as well as the advent of web-based tools to facilitate these processes, now make it possible to take advantage of knowledge from distant animal species in targeted identification of regulatory networks that may have clinical relevance for human kidney diseases.     

Use of GC × GC/TOF‐MS and LC/TOF‐MS for metabolomic analysis of Hyalella azteca chronically exposed to atrazine and its primary metabolite,desethylatrazine

Atrazine is one of the most commonly detected contaminants in the U.S. Little information is available on one of atrazine's metabolites, desethylatrazine (DEA). Two‐dimensional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight‐ mass spectrometry were used to examine metabolite profiles of Hyalella azteca chronically exposed to 30 µg/L atrazine and DEA. The majority of identified metabolites were by‐products of β‐oxidation of fatty acids suggesting possible disruption in energy metabolism. Eicosanoids increased in exposed females suggesting possible perturbations in neuropeptide hormonal systems. Overall, this research demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing metabolomic profiling of invertebrate species exposed to environmental contaminants as a way to determine mechanisms of toxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cardiotoxicity testing using pluripotent stem cell-derived human cardiomyocytes and state-of-the-art bioanalytics: a review

In this article, recent progress in cardiotoxicity testing based on the use of immortalized cell lines or human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived cardiomyocytes in combination with state-of-the-art bioanalytical methods and sensors is reviewed. The focus is on hESC-derived cells and their refinement into competent testing cells, but the access and utility of other relevant cell types are also discussed. Recent developments in sensor techniques and bioanalytical approaches for measuring critical cardiotoxicity parameters are highlighted, together with aspects of data evaluation and validation. Finally, recommendations for further research are given.     

高血压病肝阳上亢证患者尿液代谢指纹图谱研究

目的:探讨高血压病肝阳上亢证患者的尿液代谢谱特征。方法:采用高效液相色谱质谱联用技术结合主成分分析(PCA)方法分析、比较10例高血压病肝阳上亢证患者和10例健康志愿者的尿液成分谱差异。结果:与健康志愿者相比,高血压病肝阳上亢证患者机体相关代谢发生显著变化,两组的高效液相色谱数据在得分图中实现了较准确的分类。结论:高效液相色谱质谱联用结合PCA模式识别的代谢组学方法具有研究复杂条件下机体病理生理变化的优势,可以为高血压病肝阳上亢证的诊断提供一定的客观依据。     

银屑病血热证患者治疗前后血浆代谢组学分析

目的研究银屑病血热证患者血浆代谢表型的特征及凉血解毒汤的作用机制。方法选择53例银屑病血热证患者和31例健康志愿者,采用核磁共振谱仪技术分析银屑病血热证治疗前后及健康志愿者血浆代谢产物谱,通过主成分分析法研究健康人与银屑病血热证患者之间、银屑病血热证患者经凉血解毒汤治疗前后代谢产物谱的差异。结果银屑病血热证患者治疗前后及健康志愿者血浆核磁共振氢谱的主成分分析结果显示,不仅银屑病血热证患者与健康对照组能够被明显区分,银屑病血热证治疗前后也能较好的分开。组间内源性代谢物的含量存在明显差异,提示银屑病血热证患者存在脂类、蛋白质、能量代谢异常及肝肾功能损害。凉血解毒汤能调节银屑病血热证患者的糖脂类代谢,使其代谢网络呈现向正常状态修复的趋势。结论采用代谢组学方法能较全面地反应生物体的生理病理及代谢状态,并可应用于药效评价研究。     

代谢组学研究在肿瘤药效学和耐药研究中的进展

随着核磁共振和质谱等检测手段,以及计算机分析技术的不断进步,代谢组学在肿瘤中的研究越来越广泛,特别是在肿瘤药物疗效判断、毒性作用以及耐药预测上有着重要作用,对临床个体化药物治疗起到指导作用。文章对此进行综述。