食管粘膜活检取样误差的发生机制及对策

目的：探讨食管粘膜活检取样误差的发生机制及对策。方法：对来自河南食管癌高发区２８例患者行食管内镜检查和中、下段粘膜活检组织病理检查,１０天短期随访后对同一人群作重复检查;并对８８位无症状受检者进行碘染与活检相结合的方法。结果：第二次粘膜活检组织中,食管中段２４％的患者病变减轻,２８％的患者病变加重,４８％的患者病变维持不变。食管下段粘膜活检中,４８％的患者病变减轻,１６％的患者病变加重,３２％的患者病变维持不变;碘染受检者的食管粘膜中染色正常和染色异常的粘膜组织在癌前病变各阶段的构成比无明显差异。组织形态学测量显示：各级癌前组织与正常上皮组织的厚度无明显差异。结论：粘膜活检取样误差可严重影响组织病理学检查随访结果。食管粘膜癌前病变,特别是较轻度病变的厚度与同期正常上皮无明显改变,造成内镜下识别困难,是造成取样误差的重要因素。碘染可明显提高内镜下病变与同期正常组织的识别,但对小范围病变的活检准确度仍需改进。肿瘤抑制基因ｐ５３蛋白聚集的重复性检出率较高,可能是食管癌变过程中的有效指标。     

Nitric oxide mediates inhibitory nerve effects in human esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter

The effect of inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve-mediated responses in circular smooth muscle of the human esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was examinedin vitro. Tissues were obtained from 10 patients (eight esophageal resection for cancer, two transplant donors). Muscle strips from the LES developed significant spontaneous tension (11.6 ± 2.1 mN/mm²,N=6) and relaxed in response to electrical stimulation. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor,N -nitro-l-arginine (NNA), at 10^–5 M, inhibited the relaxation, but had no significant effect on the spontaneous tension (13.0 ± 2.6 mN/mm²,P=0.07). Esophageal body strips developed little spontaneous tension, demonstrated an off contraction following the cessation of the electrical stimulus, and when contracted with 10^–5 M carbachol, relaxed during electrical stimulation. NNA (10^–5 M) inhibited the off contraction and the relaxation seen after carbachol and unmasked a prominent intrastimulus contraction. This intrastimulus contraction was enhanced by eserine and inhibited by atropine and tetrodotoxin. NNA showed similar potency in the esophageal body and LES and its effects were reversed byl-arginine, but notd-arginine. The results indicate that nitric oxide is an important mediator for nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve effects in the human esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter.This research was supported in part by an ICI Pharma/Medical Research Council of Canada Research Fellowship grant awarded to H.G. Preiksaitis and a Medical Research Council Program Grant PG8.     

Velocity of peristaltic propagation in distal esophageal segments

Recent studies of the peristaltic pressure wave have suggested the presence of two sequential but overlapping contraction segments in the distal esophageal body. In this report, propagation velocity of esophageal peristalsis was determined in these segments in normal subjects (N=35) and in patients with high-amplitude peristalsis (nutcracker esophagus,N=25) to see if intersegment differences were present in the normal or abnormal setting. Velocity measurements were made from conventional manometric tracings in two 4-cm regions representing the distal smooth-muscle segments. A novel method of velocity measurement was employed that used regression lines established from contraction onset times. In normal subjects, propagation velocity decreased significantly from the proximal to distal segment (4.9±0.5 cm/sec, vs 3.2±0.2 cm/sec,P<0.01). Velocity also decreased across segments in nutcracker-esophagus patients (5.3±0.6 cm/sec, vs 3.6±0.7 cm/sec,P=0.06), but the difference reached statistical significance only when the subset with highest amplitudes (180 mm Hg) was analyzed separately. Greater variance in velocity in the distal smooth-muscle segment of nutcracker-esophagus patients (P<0.01) was, in part, responsible for this statistical observation. We conclude that normal propagation velocity decreases across regions corresponding to the smooth-muscle contraction segments defined by recent studies of peristalsis, supporting the assumption that they represent separate neuromuscular units. The mechanisms responsible for contraction wave abnormalities in the nutcracker esophagus have a minimal effect on propagation velocity, an effect that is restricted to the distal smooth-muscle segment of the esophageal body.Supported in part by a grant from the United States Public Health Service (AM07130).     

Early one-stage orthotopic jejunal pedicle-graft interposition in long-gap esophageal atresia

Since 1988, four children with long-gap esophageal atresia have undergone one-stage orthotopic jejunal pedicle-graft interposition at the age of 2 to 3 months. Obtaining enough jejunal length was no problem and major early complications did not occur. In one patient stenosis of the distal anastomosis was problematic and required corrective surgery. None of the patients demonstrated jejunitis as a result of gastroesophageal reflux. With follow-up periods of 12, 27, 46, and 60 months, all patients are doing well. It is concluded that the jejunum is a better esophageal substitute than is generally appreciated.     

咽-食管粘膜下巨大良性间叶瘤

为探讨对罕见的咽-食管粘膜下良性间叶瘤的诊断和治疗,报道1例巨大的咽-食管粘膜下良性间叶瘤因误诊而行开胸肿瘤切除术。分析了良性间叶瘤的病理及诊断方法,提出了对蒂部位于咽部并坠生于食管腔但与食管壁无粘连的良性间叶瘤,可考虑术前以细长金属管镜作食管检查,确诊后经咽侧进路切除肿瘤蒂部,并经食管入口摘除肿瘤体部以避免开胸。     

食管癌综合治疗的临床疗效分析

目的探讨综合治疗食管癌的临床疗效并与单纯放疗进行比较。方法７２例初次治疗的食管癌患者随机分为综合治疗组和单纯放疗组。综合组所用化疗方案为顺铂（ＤＤＰ）、５－氟脲嘧啶（５－Ｆｕ）,放疗前化疗２个周期,放疗后化疗１个周期。两组放疗方法和剂量相同,每次１．８～２．０ＧＹ,１ｗｋ５次,总量达ＤＴ６５Ｇｙ左右／６．５～７ｗｋ。结果综合组临床疗效ＣＲ４１．７％（１５／３６）,ＰＲ４４．４％（１６／３６）,有效率（ＣＲ＋ＰＲ）８６．１％（３１／３６）;单纯放疗组ＣＲ１３．９％（５／３６）,ＰＲ４１．７％（１５／３６）,ＣＲ＋ＰＲ５５．６％（２０／３６）。综合组ＣＲ及有效率均优于单纯放疗组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论综合治疗食管癌能提高临床疗效。     

11例食管平滑肌瘤临床病理X线分析

本文对11例食管平肌瘤的临床病理X线表现进行分析,本病临床症状轻微,具有典型粘膜下良性肿瘤膨胀性生长的病理特征,X线检查能充分反映其病理基础．除边线光滑的腔内充盈缺损或范围一致的腔内外肿块、“环形征”、粘膜不同程度挤压等固有X线特征外,作者认为“扇形增宽皱襞”、“肿瘤移动征”等特异征象,对诊断也很有帮助．术前诊断主要依靠食管钡餐检查．文中并讨论了鉴别诊断．     

磁县食管癌普查研究

 1991年磁县承担了国家"八五"攻关课题--食管癌高发现场综合防治研究。 因此, 1992年进行了9个乡、镇126187人群的食管细胞学普查。 检出食管癌179例(发病率140/10万, 患病率1068/10万), 近癌为172例(发病率136/10万, 患病率1026/10万), 重11患者866例(发病率686/10万, 患病率170/10万), 重Ⅰ患者3179例(发病率2519/10万, 患病率1898/10万), 轻增5346例(发病率4237/10万, 患病率31920/10万)。 普查率达71.4％, 为食管癌的综合防治研究创造了先决条件。     

铝碳酸镁对十二指肠液反流所致大鼠食管病变的防治作用

目的　通过动物实验 ,研究十二指肠液反流对食管上皮的损伤及评价铝碳酸镁对食管粘黏损伤的预防和治疗作用。方法　 16 0只SD大鼠 ,♂ ,2 0只为正常空白对照 (C组 ) ,14 0只行全胃切除 +食管空肠吻合术 ,术后 2周存活的大鼠随机分为A、B两组 ,A组予以铝碳酸镁管喂 ,B组管喂等量的生理盐水 ,术后 10周处死所有的大鼠 ,对食管上皮进行大体形态、病理学及电镜观察。结果　A、B两组的食管有程度不同的反流性食管炎 ,组织学表现为炎症、糜烂、溃疡、鳞状上皮增生、Barrett上皮化生及不典型增生。B组的炎症程度重于A组 (P <0 .0 1) ,Barrett上皮化生及不典型增生的发生率明显高于A组 (P <0 .0 5 )。B组有 1例食管微灶腺癌形成。扫描及透射电镜发现B组有Barrett化生的食管上皮典型分泌型肠上皮的特征。结论　铝碳酸镁能有效保护十二指肠液反流的食管粘黏 ,预防及治疗因其所致的多种病理学损害     

侵犯气管或食管甲状腺癌的外科治疗

目的 :探讨侵犯气管或食管的甲状腺癌的手术方法及意义。方法 :回顾分析了本院 10年间收治的 2 6例甲状腺癌患者的临床资料 ,共 8种手术方法。结果 :3例患者术后 2年内发生转移死亡 ;5例术后颈部肿块复发 ,4例拒绝再次手术而仅行放疗 ,现 2例仍带瘤生存 ;其余病例未见复发和转移。结论 :对于没有广泛转移的甲状腺癌 ,尽管侵犯气管或食管 ,仍应行受累气管或食管的切除 ,以减少出血、梗阻、窒息等并发症 ,提高治愈率。