中国西部农村婴幼儿营养、喂养以及保健方面的性别差异研究

目的探索中国西部农村地区婴幼儿营养、喂养以及保健方面的性别差异。方法利用西部农村大样本横断面调查数据,共凋查14 532名儿童;运用logistic回归模型控制有关背景因素来估计性别在3岁以下农村儿童的营养、喂养和保健方面所起的作用。结果西部南北方地区男女儿童的生长迟缓、低体重和消瘦患病率接近,但是控制了可能的影响因素后,营养不良的性别差异只出现在北方儿童中,表现为北方1孩家庭的男童低体重的风险要高于女童(OR=1.27),3孩以上家庭的男童患生长迟缓的风险却低于女童(OR=0.60);在南方地区无论是在1孩还是多孩家庭以上三指标均没有显著的性别差异。北方地区只表现为2孩家庭的男童添加鸡蛋的频率要显著高于女童,而此种情况也出现在南方1孩家庭中;此外,南方地区表现为2孩家庭的女童在4月龄内比男童更倾向于接受纯母乳喂养。在保健方面,男童较女童更容易患病,贫血患病率分别为36.2%和33.4%,2周感冒和腹泻患病率分别为29.0%和27.4%,19.0%和17.5%。结论中国西部农村婴幼儿在营养、喂养和保健方面存在着一定的性别差异,北方地区比南方地区表现突出。     

Changes in diet quality score, macro- and micronutrients intake following a nutrition education intervention in postmenopausal women

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of a nutrition education programme on post-menopausal women using self-reported nutrient intake data as well as a qualitative data obtained by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five women (55-65 years old) were randomized to a dietary intervention group (IG: n=39), attending regular nutrition education sessions for 5 months and to a control group (CG: n=36). The intervention scheme was based on a combined application of the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory, aiming to increase nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy of the subjects to adopt and maintain healthy dietary choices. Changes in self-reported macro- and micronutrients' intake as well as in the HEI total score and in its ten components were obtained. RESULTS: The IG subjects reported increasing their milk (P<0.001) and total fat (P=0.01) HEI scores, decreasing total fat intake (P=0.050) and increasing calcium and vitamin D intakes (P<0.001 respectively) to a higher extent compared with the changes reported by the CG. CONCLUSION: The current nutrition education programme appears to have induced favourable changes for the IG in micronutrients' intake primarily related to bone health and in total fat intake. These changes were reflected in the individual HEI indices but not in total HEI score.     

Nutritional status and length of stay in patients admitted to an Acute Assessment Unit

BACKGROUND: The Redesigning Care initiative at Flinders Medical Centre aimed to improve access to timely, consistent, quality care. This led to the creation of an Acute Assessment Unit (AAU) where all patients are assessed by the Allied Health team on admission. This study aimed to: (i) determine the nutritional status of patients admitted to the AAU using the scored Patient Generated-Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA); and (ii) determine the association between nutritional status and length of stay (LOS). METHODS: A prospective, observational study was conducted in 64 patients (mean age 79.9 +/- 11 years, 76% female). Nutritional status was assessed within 48 h of admission and LOS data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: According to PG-SGA global rating, 53% (n = 34) of patients were malnourished. There was a weak association between PG-SGA score and LOS (r = 0.250, P = 0.046). The malnourished patients had a longer LOS by 1 day compared to well-nourished patients, and while this did not reach statistical significance (Z = -0.988, P = 0.323), it has implications for health care costs. LOS overall was short at a median of 4.5 days (range 1-24). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients admitted to the AAU is malnourished. There was a trend for these patients to have a longer LOS, indicating a critical need for nutritional management; however LOS as a whole was short. While nutrition support in hospital is useful in reinforcing dietary education, the short LOS emphasized the importance of discharge education and follow-up.     

Use of parenteral nutrition in hospitals in the North of England

BACKGROUND: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a costly technology used widely to provide nutrition to patients who have an inaccessible or nonfunctioning intestine. A prospective survey was designed to collect data on PN for inpatients to study the current use of PN, its complications and outcomes in the north of England. The study objectives were to use the Northern Nutrition Network to collect data from all acute hospital inpatients prospectively receiving PN, for 3 months and to provide evidence for current PN practice, and to establish whether this is in line with recognized published clinical guidelines. METHODS: Using a paper-based collection tool information was recorded on aspects of PN including: total inpatient episodes, patient demographics, indications, duration, venous access used, complications, number returning to enteral feeding and mortality. The presence of a nutrition support team was also recorded. RESULTS: Data on 193 patient PN episodes were recorded totalling 1708 patient days. The median age of the patients was 67 years. Of these, 158 (82%) were deemed to have a clear indication for PN using the indications cited in the NICE guidelines (http://www.nice.org.uk). The median duration of PN was 7 days (range 1-93). Thirty (16%) patients developed complications due to PN, 23 (12%) had catheter infections which were most common on medical wards. Thirty-nine (20%) patients died within 28 days of PN starting; no deaths were attributable to PN. A total of 118 (61%) patients returned to full enteral feeding. Only three hospitals had nutrition support teams, which had no significant effect on outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Parenteral nutrition practice in the north of England is generally in line with current guidelines, however, only three of 15 hospitals had nutrition support teams. Eighteen per cent of patients did not have a clearly documented indication for PN and 15% developed a complication, most often a catheter-related infection.     

肠内营养的临床应用及其并发症

肠内营养（EN）是指通过口服或管饲给予营养液，用于补充机体所需要的全部或部分营养。肠内营养制剂可分为要素型、非要素型和组件型三类。，肠内营养通常采用管饲途径给予，鼻胃管和鼻空肠管属于无创置管，胃造口和空肠造口属于有创置管。肠内营养治疗的适应证包括上消化道、上呼吸道根治性手术；气管插管；食管狭窄；吞咽困难；神经性厌食症；大面积烧伤、创伤等。肠内营养比肠外营养更安全，但也存在并发症，常见的有：（1）机械性并发症，如喂养导管堵塞；（2）胃肠性并发症，表现为腹胀、恶心、呕吐、腹泻，可采用胃肠泵、置鼻肠管、降低营养液输注速度、提高营养液温度、给予胃肠动力药等处理；（3）代谢性并发症，主要为高血糖，可给予外源性胰岛素；（4）感染性并发症，主要是营养液误吸或在胃内潴留反流入气道所致的吸入性肺炎，表现为突发呼吸困难、发热、心率加快等，需注意检查胃潴留情况。     

食管癌患者围手术期中西医结合肠内营养支持研究

目的探讨中西医结合肠内营养(EN)对围手术期食管癌患者的影响。方法将98例食管癌患者随机分为2组,对照组49例给予瑞素营养液治疗;治疗组给予中西医结合治疗:瑞素加中药汤剂扶正解毒冲剂,观察2组患者对T细胞亚群的影响、术后一般状况、术后消化道反应、排便时间、住院费用及住院时间等。结果治疗组术后1周、2周CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8逐渐恢复正常,尤其是术后2周CD3、CD4/CD8与对照组2周相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组一般状况以及术后消化道症状明显好于对照组,而且住院费用明显降低(P<0.05)。结论中西医结合EN围手术期的应用可以明显改善食管癌患者的免疫功能和营养状况,且简便、经济,无严重并发症,是临床围手术期简便、安全、有效的营养补给方法。     

早产儿肠内营养新概念

早产儿的营养支持是复杂和具有挑战性的系统工程。在早产儿肠内营养的实施过程中，应基于其生理特点，不仅从营养学而且从促进胃肠功能成熟的角度进行喂养，正确选择适合早产儿的喂养方法和乳类；不仅要关注营养对早期生长发育和对疾病反应方面的影响，更重要的是他们的远期健康。根据目前循证医学研究的证据来更新观念，走出误区，对于指导临床实践，改善早产儿的预后十分必要。     

肠外营养添加精氨酸与谷氨酰胺对胃癌患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的:评价联合应用精氨酸(arginine,Arg)和谷氨酰胺(glutamine,Glu)的肠外营养(parenteral nutri- tion,PN)对胃癌患者根治术后免疫功能影响。方法:将60例胃癌患者随机平分为四组:Arg组、Glu组、Arg+Glu组及常规PN组(Rou组)。术后第1天起各组均连续给予PN支持7d,均为等氮等热量。另取15例同期行择期手术的普外科腹部手术患者(其中胆囊息肉6例、胆囊结石9例)作为空白对照组。术前、术后第8天分别检测各组的细胞免疫和体液免疫指标。结果:术前60例胃癌患者的CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8、IgA、IgM及IgG均低于空白对照组(P<0.05),CD8则高于空白对照组(P<0.05)。术后第8天,IgA、IgM、IgG在Arg组、Glu组和Arg+Glu组三组之间差异无显著性,三组均高于Rou组(P<0.05);CD3、CD4的百分比及CD34/CD8比值在Arg组和Glu组组间差异无显著性,两组均高于Rou组(P<0.05),均低于Arg+Glu组(P<0.05);而CD8的百分比和CRP、C3、C4的浓度与上述相反,CD3、CD4及CD4/CD8在Arg+Glu组和Rou组组间差异有极为显著性(P<0.01)。结论:联合Arg和Glu增强的PN比单用Arg或Glu增强的PN更能增强胃癌患者根治术后细胞免疫功能。     

营养不良的胃癌患者术后肠内营养与肠外营养效果比较

目的:观察肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对营养不良的胃癌患者术后临床恢复的影响.方法:选取经主观综合性营养评估法(SGA)评价为中、重度营养不良的胃癌患者58例,随机分为EN组和PN组各29例,共治疗7 d.观察治疗期间感染发生情况,记录患者肛门排气时间和术后留院时间.手术前后均测量体质量指数(BMI),同时抽取静脉血检测前白蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(HG)和白蛋白(AL).结果:2组感染率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),EN组肛门排气时间提前(P＜0.05),术后留院时间明显缩短(P＜0.05).EN组术后BMI和PA明显高于PN组(P＜0.05).结论:EN治疗营养不良的胃癌患者术后临床恢复多个方面均优于PN治疗.     

早期肠内营养支持对胃肠道肿瘤患者术后营养状况及免疫功能的作用

目的 探讨肠内营养支持在胃肠道肿瘤患者术后营养状况及恢复中的作用。方法 将65例胃肠道肿瘤且伴有营养不良的患者,行根治性手术后随机分为肠外营养（PN）组34例,肠内营养（EN）组31例,PN组给予静脉营养,EN予静脉营养的基础上,术后24 h内开始实施肠内营养,分别于术前及术后第9天抽取外周血,测定营养状况及免疫指标。结果 术后EN组患者的血清前白蛋白较PN组恢复更快,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术后EN组患者的IgA、IgM和淋巴细胞计数较PN组上升快,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 术后肠内营养可改善胃肠道肿瘤患者的营养状况,增强机体的免疫功能。