机械通气患者两种气管导管气囊压力管理方法的临床研究

目的通过比较机械通气患者容量-时间曲线指导的气囊充气法（以下简称容量-时间曲线法）与最小闭合容量（minimalocclusivevolume,MOV）法的气囊充气量及气囊压力,探讨两种气囊压力管理方法的优劣。方法80例患者纳入研究。在相同的机械通气模式、参数条件下,每例患者在研究开始时完全消气囊,在先后用MOV法及容量-时间曲线法重新充气直至完全闭合气道。两次气囊充气间相隔20min,分别记录并比较两者方法的气囊充气量及压力值。结果容量一时间曲线法的气囊充气量及气囊压力明显小于MOV法（PdO．01）,12．5％（10／80）患者用MOV法充气后从容量-时间曲线观察仍存在漏气。结论容量一时间曲线指导的气管导管气囊法较MOV法精确、客观,是一种更可靠的指导气囊压力管理的方法。     

Distal Venous Patch improves results in PFTE bypasses to Tibial arteries

In recent years, the management of limb-threatening ischemia has involved the use of distal bypasses to vessels beyond the popliteal trifurcation. Excellent patency rates and limb salvage data are achieved through the use of autologous long saphenous vein. However, an increasing number of patients in need of tibial bypass do not have adequate saphenous vein due to previous procedures, thrombophlebitis, or inadequate vein. In such cases alternative conduits have been proposed including lesser saphenous vein, arm vein, composite veins, composite vein with poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and PTFE with or without a distal arteriovenous fistula. Unfortunately these alternative conduits have not resulted in equivalent results when used for distal bypass to tibial arteries. Several authors have reported upon the use of venous tissue at the distal anastomosis in the form of cuffs, collars, and boots to improve the results of prosthetic grafts in this challenging patient population. These techniques have been proposed as an option for revascu-larization in patients without adequate saphenous vein in an attempt to obtain limb salvage. The purpose of this review is to examine some of those techniques and focus on distal vein patch configuration with its perceived advantages and drawbacks.     

关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤

目的探讨关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤的方法和疗效。方法 2008年3月~2011年12月采用关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤22例,包括肩袖全层破裂16例,关节囊侧部分损伤4例,其中2例转化为肩袖全层破裂,按全层破裂处理,另2例浅层部分损伤和2例滑囊侧部分损伤仅行关节镜下清创。肩袖全层破裂在关节镜引导下准确定位,辅助小切口行彻底肩峰下减压,双排锚钉修复全层损伤肩袖。合并SLAP损伤7例。结果本组除1例肩袖损伤合并Ⅱ型SLAP损伤患者行双固定螺钉镜下修复手术时间为120 min外,其余21例手术时间平均62(51~70)min,其中行肩峰成形及肩袖修复时间平均17(12~20)min。辅助小切口平均2.8(2~3.5)cm。未出现神经损伤及肢体明显肿胀、液体渗漏等情况。术后随访平均13.2(10~18)个月。术后10月随访:ASES评分平均(91.0±12.5)分,较术前(57.2±9.6)分显著提高(P<0.05),其中优12例,良7例,可3例,优良率为86.4%;UCLA评分平均(33.2±3.5)分,较术前(12.9±3.8)分显著提高(P<0.05),其中优9例,良11例,可2例,优良率为90.9%。结论关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤具有诊断全面、准确、微创、康复快的优点,临床治疗效果可靠。     

关节镜下治疗大型肩袖撕裂

目的探讨肩关节镜下治疗大型肩袖撕裂的方法和疗效。方法对34例大型肩袖撕裂患者在关节镜下行单排或双排FastTakII锚钉止点重建术。应用美国肩肘外科医师协会评价系统（ASES）和加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）肩关节标准评分。结果34例均获随访,时间4．5～40（7．7±2．4）个月。术后患肩在主动上举、内收、后伸、外展、外旋和内旋6个方向的活动度较术前均有改善（P〈0．05）;患肩完成10项13常活动能力：术前为8．45分±O．97分,术后提高至24．60分±1．21分（P〈0．05）;ASES和UCLA评分：术前分别为24．64分±2．44分和8．06分±1．47分,术后分别提高至71．15分±1．28分和21．77分±1．16分（P〈0．05）;VAS评分：术前为7．18分±2．33分,术后为3．43分±1．75分（P〈0．05）。结论肩关节镜下肩袖重建手术微创治疗优势显著,3～5个作业通道和专业化手术器械的合理交替配合操作能满足大型肩袖撕裂止点重建需求,经镜下双排或单排锚钉重建后的大型损伤肩袖稳定性良好,肩关节功能改善明显。     

MRI quantification of fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy in a mouse model of rotator cuff tears

Rotator cuff pathology is the most common shoulder problem seen by orthopedic surgeons. Rotator cuff muscle fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy are common in larger tears and are considered predicting factors for the prognosis of cuff repair. Clinically, MRI is the gold standard in determining fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy; however, analysis for MRI imaging is primarily qualitative in nature with the results lacking further validation. We have recently developed a mouse model of rotator cuff tears. The goal of this study is to quantify and verify rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration using high‐resolution MRI in our mouse model. The rotator cuff muscles were analyzed for fat using a triglyceride quantification assay (TQA), muscle volume was measured through water displacement (WD), and histology. The study revealed that MRI had a high correlation with fat as measured with histology and TQA (R² = 098). MRI also correlated well with atrophy measured with WD and wet weight. This suggests that MRI is a reliable modality in evaluating the progression of fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy following rotator cuff tears in a small animal model. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 421–426, 2013     

Platelet‐rich plasma protects rotator cuff‐derived cells from the deleterious effects of triamcinolone acetonide

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injections are widely used to treat enthesopathy, but they may induce adverse effects such as tendon impairment and rupture. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) is a blood fraction containing high platelet concentrations and various growth factors that play a role in tissue repair processes. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether TA has deleterious effects on human rotator cuff‐derived cells, and if PRP can protect these cells from the effects of TA. Human rotator cuff‐derived cells were cultured with and without TA and PRP, and the culture without any additive served as the control. Cell morphology was assessed at days 7 and 21. Cell viability was evaluated at days 1, 7, 14, and 21 by a water‐soluble tetrazolium salt assay. Induction of apoptosis was measured by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry at day 7. Induction of cleaved caspase‐3 was measured by immunofluorescence staining at day 7. The cells cultured with TA had a flattened and polygonal shape at day 7. The cells cultured with both TA and PRP were similar in appearance to control cells. Exposure to TA also significantly decreased cell viability, but cell viability did not decrease when PRP was added along with TA. The number of apoptotic cells increased with TA exposure, while addition of PRP prevented cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the deleterious effect of TA was prevented by PRP, which can be used as a protective agent for patients receiving local TA injections. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 976–982, 2013     

Effect of platelet‐rich plasma on the biologic activity of the human rotator‐cuff fibroblasts: A controlled in vitro study

To assess the in vitro effect of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) on biological activity of the human rotator cuff fibroblasts and to describe the optimal dose‐response to maximize cellular stimulation while reducing potential risk. Rotator cuff (RC) fibroblasts of n = 6 patients (mean age of 65.2 years) undergoing arthroscopic cuff tear reconstruction were cultured in vitro for 21 days and stimulated with PRP in three different concentrations (1‐, 5‐, and 10‐fold). Samples were obtained for DNA and GAG measurement at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days. The biological outcomes were regressed on the PRP concentration. The application of PRP significantly influenced the fibroblast proliferation and activity of the human rotator cuff with elevated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA levels. The dosage of PRP had the significantly highest impact on this proliferation using a onefold or fivefold application. PRP has a significant effect on fibroblast proliferation of the human rotator cuff in vitro with an optimal benefit using a onefold or fivefold PRP concentration. This study justifies further in vivo investigations using PRP at the human rotator cuff. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1249–1253, 2013     

关节镜下巨大肩袖撕裂边缘切除及肱骨结节成形术简

目的探讨无法缝合的高龄巨大肩袖撕裂在关节镜下行肩袖边缘切除及肱骨结节成形术后的疗效。方法查阅文献并整理相关巨大肩袖损伤关节镜下手术方法及疗效,特别是检索国内外针对高龄患者且无法缝合的巨大肩袖撕裂,整理发表的关节镜下行肩袖边缘切除及肱骨结节成形术后疗效方面的论文资料。同时,结合笔者几年来肩关节镜手术中遇到的几乎不能进行肩袖缝合,而行切除退缩撕裂边缘及肱骨结节成形术的32例高龄肩关节镜病例为对象,实施临床及放射线随访分析其预后及影响因素。结果平均随访29个月（13～52个月）,结果表明,具有统计学意义的疼痛缓解、增加活动范围等功能得到改善。而术前肩峰下间隙小于2mm组,其预后不良。结论关节镜下处理巨大肩袖撕裂,首先游离松解撕裂退缩的组织后尝试缝合修补,而对于无法缝合的巨大肩袖撕裂,不必勉强缝合。如果术前虽有疼痛,但上臂能上举90°以上。放射线检查肩峰下间隙大于2mm时,考虑行包括肩峰下成形、肩袖撕裂边缘切除及肱骨结节成形术,也可以获得满意的效果。     

The Prevalence of Os Acromiale in Korean Patients Visiting Shoulder Clinic

Background

The prevalence of os acromiale has been documented to be between 1% and 15% and is known to be clinically associated with subacromial impingement or rotator cuff tear. However, the prevalence of os acromiale in Korea has not yet been determined. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of os acromiale in Korean patients who visited shoulder clinics and to investigate the correlations with rotator cuff tear.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the X-rays of patients visiting a shoulder clinic at a tertiary hospital in Korea from January 2011 to January 2012 to determine the frequency of os acromiale. X-ray findings were confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients who had these images available. MRI was also used to assess the status of the rotator cuff. The correlation between the presence of os acromiale either with gender, hand dominance or rotator cuff tear was analyzed statistically.

Results

A total of 2,946 shoulders from 1,568 patients were analyzed with X-rays. Thirteen cases out of 1,568 patients had an os acromiale; and there were five and eight cases of pre-acromiale and meso-acromiale, respectively. Thus, the prevalence of os acromiale in this study population was found to be 0.7 (7 cases per 1,000 patients). Bilaterality was found in two cases. Os acromiale was not more frequent according to gender (five males versus eight females, p = 0.525) and hand dominance was not associated with frequency of os acromiale (seven dominant arms versus six non-dominant arms, p = 0.631). A sub-analysis of shoulders with available MRIs (1,074 shoulders) revealed that there were two rotator cuff tears (40%) out of five cases of os acromiale, whereas 607 rotator cuff tears were observed (57%) among 1069 cases without os acromiale. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.656).

Conclusions

The identified prevalence of os acromiale in Korean patients who visited shoulder clinics is 0.7%, which is much lower as compared with the prevalence of general population from other ethnic groups. No correlation was observed between rotator cuff tears and os acromiale in this study population.