儿童脑瘫性髋关节疾病的外科治疗与结果评价CSCD

儿童脑瘫性髋关节疾病通常需要手术治疗,手术方式包括预防性、重建性和补救性手术三种。手术的目的是防止股骨头向外侧移位,重建半脱位及脱位髋关节的稳定,消除不可重建髋关节脱位导致的持续性疼痛,进而改善患儿行走功能,方便不具站立及行走能力患儿的会阴部护理。本文通过系统复习新近相关文献,重点阐述儿童脑瘫性髋关节疾病各种手术方式的适应证、操作要点以及临床与X线评价结果、远期随访结果。     

髋臼坐骨切迹周围截骨与Pemberton截骨治疗儿童发育性髋关节脱位的中期随访对比研究CSCD

目的比较髋臼坐骨切迹周围截骨(periacetahular sciatic-notch osteotomy,PASO)与Pemberton截骨(pemberton osteotomy,PO)治疗儿童发育性髋关节脱位(development dislocation of the hip,DDH)的临床疗效。方法以湖南省儿童医院骨科自2004年5月至2021年11月收治、且随访时间在5年以上的DDH患儿为研究对象,按照不同的骨盆截骨方式分为PASO组(47例61髋)和PO组(29例35髋)。比较两组患儿手术后矫正髋臼指数(correction acetabulum index,CAI)、末次随访髋臼指数(terminal acetabulum index,TAI)、中心边缘角(central edge angel,CEA)、Severin X线评价优良率与Mckay临床髋关节功能评价优良率。结果本研究平均随访时间:PASO组(7.14±1.59)年,PO组(5.77±0.60)年;术前平均髋臼指数:PASO组(39.66±5.46)°,PO组(41.47±3.48)°;术后CAI:PASO组(26.63±7.35)°,PO组(23.92±5.61)°,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TAI:PASO组(12.25±8.17)°,PO组(16.67±4.98)°,P<0.01;CEA:PASO组(35.28±8.50)°,PO组(29.05±7.60)°,P<0.01,差异均有统计学意义。末次随访时Mckay髋关节功能评价:PASO组中优43髋,良13髋,可4髋,差1髋,优良率91.8%;PO组中优30髋,良3髋,可2髋,差0髋,优良率94.2%;末次随访时Severin评价:PASO组中优45髋,良14髋,中1髋,差1髋,优良率96.7%;PO组中优24髋,良8髋,中3髋,差0髋,优良率91.4%。股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of femoral head,AVN):PASO组发生AVN 1型0髋、2型2髋、3型2髋、4型4髋,AVN发生率13.1%;PO组发生AVN 1型0髋、2型2髋、3型1髋、4型3髋,AVN发生率17.1%。结论与Pemberton截骨手术比较,髋臼坐骨切迹周围截骨同样是一种有效的治疗发育性髋关节脱位的方法。     

Minimally-invasive anterior maxillary distraction technique in patients with cleft lip and palate and maxillary deficiency: an evaluation of 106 patients

Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility of a minimally-invasive surgical technique for anterior maxillary distraction osteogenesis to correct maxillary hypoplasia in patients with clefts. A modified Y distractor was placed intraorally in 106 patients with cleft- associated maxillary deficiency to facilitate protraction of the maxilla. Subsequently the patients had an anterior maxillary osteotomy through a minimally invasive incision, followed by activation of the appliance at the rate of 0.8 mm/day until positive overjet was achieved. The patient’s lateral cephalograms were evaluated preoperatively (T1), after activation (T2), and one year postoperatively (T3). Collected data were assessed with the paired t test, and probabilities of < 0.001 were accepted as significant. A mean (SD) of 10.4 (2.58) mm anterior maxillary advancement was obtained in all patients after 10-13 days of distraction. The sella–nasion-point A (SNA) angle increased from 75.37° to 83.01°. When we compared the cephalometric variables at T1 and T2, the mean maxillary length and overjet at T2 were significantly higher (p < 0.001). The comparison of mean values at T2 and T3 was not significant. Minimally invasive anterior maxillary distraction with the modified Y distractor resulted in changes after activation that were consistent one year postoperatively, making it a conservative, less traumatic, and effective treatment of cleft-related maxillary deficiency.     

What factors affect the attachment of the inferior alveolar nerve to the buccal plate following sagittal split osteotomy?

PurposeThis study aimed to assess the factors that can possibly affect the positioning of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in the proximal or distal segment following sagittal split osteotomy (SSO).Materials and methodsThis was a prospective cohort study. The patients were assigned according to the position of the IAN: the IAN was attached to the buccal plate in group 1 (27 SSOs), while it was in the distal segment in group 2 (83 SSOs).ResultsThe mean of the buccolingual thickness of the proximal segment at the vertical cut of the osteotomy (BLTP) was 5.0 ± 0.62 mm in group 1 and 4.16 ± 0.72 mm in group 2. The mean of the distance between the IAN and the external cortical bone at the distal of the second molar before the osteotomy (IANB) was 0.5 ± 0.24 mm in group 1 and 1.24 ± 0.45 mm in group 2. There were significant differences for the mean BLTP and IANB between the two groups (P = 0.001).ConclusionIt seems that the thickness of the buccal plate of the proximal segment, the distance from the IAN to the external cortical bone, the osteotomy technique, and the presence or absence of impacted third molars may be associated with the positioning of the IAN following SSO.     

偏心髋臼旋转截骨术的生物力学机制及初步临床疗效

 目的 探讨偏心髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良的生物力学机制及其初步临床疗效。方法 取6具经福尔马林防腐处理的女性尸体骨盆标本,建立髋关节生物力学模型,在模型上模拟偏心髋臼旋转截骨术。对骨盆缓慢施加连续纵向压力0~500 N,测量术前和术后载荷100、200、300、400、500 N时的股骨头承重区应变值,计算应力值。2007年7月至2014年10月应用偏心髋臼旋转截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良25例（26髋）,男6例,女19例;年龄11~57岁,平均31岁。术后以Harris髋关节评分评价髋关节功能,摄骨盆正位X线片测量头臼指数、中心边缘角（center-edge-angle,CE角）及Sharp角。结果-随着脊柱纵向压力加大,股骨头上的应力值随之增加。偏心髋臼旋转截骨术后应力值在载荷超过300 N后由上升趋势转变为下降趋势,总体呈抛物线状。100~500 N载荷下偏心髋臼旋转截骨术后的应力值与术前差异均无统计学意义。临床随访18例（19髋）,随访率72%。随访时间7~85个月,平均40个月。Harris髋关节评分由术前（64.3±7.2）分提高至末次随访时（85.6±5.3）分;头臼指数平均增加36.5%、CE角平均增加33.1°、Sharp角平均减少12.3°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义。结论-偏心髋臼旋转截骨术具有较好的矫正髋臼畸形的能力,可增大股骨头的髋臼覆盖面和降低承重区压力。     

复位导向器在强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎后凸畸形截骨矫形术中的应用

目的 :探讨经椎弓根椎体截骨(pedicle subtraction osteotomy,PSO)治疗强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)胸腰椎后凸畸形术中采用复位导向器预防截骨椎脱位的有效性。方法 :回顾性分析2014年4~12月在我院行单节段PSO矫形内固定术中应用复位导向器的27例AS胸腰椎后凸畸形患者。所有患者手术前后均摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片并在矢状面上测量胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、全脊柱最大后凸Cobb角(global kyphosis,GK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)和矢状面平衡距离(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。随访观察神经并发症及截骨椎脱位情况,以截骨水平的头侧与尾侧脊椎间,截骨椎在矢状面上移位(sagittal translation,ST)大于5mm定义为截骨椎脱位。结果:所有患者均顺利完成手术。平均随访5.2±2.4个月(3~12个月),术前TK为43.2°±10.6°,GK为72.6°±15.1°,LL为2.3°±13.5°,SVA为12.8±4.2cm;术后分别为42.9°±11.8°、38.2°±12.4°、-38.6°±13.0°和3.2±5.8cm;末次随访时分别为42.7°±10.5°、38.8°±15.2°、-38.4°±11.6°和3.3±6.4cm。除TK外,其余参数手术前后相比均有统计学意义(P0.01);末次随访时,TK、GK、LL及SVA的矫正丢失无统计学差异(P0.05)。无患者出现术中截骨椎脱位,除1例短暂性右下肢麻木外,无其他神经并发症发生。结论:采用PSO治疗强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎后凸畸形患者,术中应用复位导向器械能有效预防截骨椎脱位的发生。     

后路截骨矫形治疗低龄先天性脊柱后凸畸形的疗效分析

目的:评价经后路截骨内固定术治疗低龄(10岁以下)先天性脊柱后凸畸形的临床效果。方法:2009年10月~2013年5月采用经后路截骨椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗先天性脊柱后凸患者17例,男6例,女11例,手术时年龄64±21个月(37~109个月)。根据Winter分型:Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型5例。后凸顶椎均位于T10~L2之间。5例伴神经系统畸形。8例行后路椎体切除(PVCR),5例行经椎弓根截骨(PSO),4例行Ponte截骨,截骨后均采用后路自体骨或同种异体骨植骨椎弓根螺钉内固定。统计手术时间、术中出血量及手术并发症,观察矫形效果、内固定并发症、椎体融合情况等。结果:手术时间210±46min(130~300min),出血量650±330ml(200~1300ml);固定融合节段4.9±0.8个(4~6个)。随访34.7±10.4个月(24~51个月),矢状面节段性后凸Cobb角由术前61.5°±14.3°(42°~92°)矫正至术后20.7°±9.0(5°~42°),矫正率为(66.3±8.7)%,末次随访时为17.5°±9.5°(1°~36°),矫正率为(71.5±10.7)%,手术后Cobb角得到显著性改善(P0.01);矢状面平衡术前为-41.3±31.8mm,术后为-43.5±30.4mm,与术前比较无显著性变化(P0.05),末次随访时为-25.6±26.7mm,较术前明显改善(P0.05)。术后出现双下肢无力1例,排尿困难1例,术后2周恢复。术前腰背痛5例、排尿异常1例,术后6个月症状好转。1例患者术后7个月出现近端交界性后凸。随访期间未发现假关节及内固定相关并发症。结论:对低龄先天性脊柱后凸畸形患者早期行后路截骨、椎弓根螺钉内固定可显著改善后凸畸形,但术后不能立即达到脊柱矢状面平衡,而是在术后随生长发育逐渐恢复矢状面平衡。     

Factors Influencing Treatment Plan and Post Operative Compliance in TMJ Ankylosis Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of Long Term Post Surgical Evaluation

Background and objective

Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is a clinical entity significant for a maxillofacial surgeon. Since time immemorial humanity is battling with this condition which is not just disfiguring the normal anatomy of the face but severely hampers the function of mastication. In this study we have tried to evaluate and correlate various factors leading to causation of ankylosis of TM Joint along with clinical manifestation and treatment planning as well as outcomes.

Study design

This is a retrospective study, records of 60 patients were selected out of which 28 patients reported for recall. Based on a predefined format, patients were evaluated and correlation was looked up on various accounts such as age of occurrence and age of reporting to the surgeon, probable etiology, sex distribution, treatment modality and postoperative outcome.

Results

The mean age of onset or occurrence was 4–7 years of age whereas age of reporting to the clinic was 16–17 years. Highest percentage of patients had trauma as an etiology (64 %) and the lowest percentage had congenital deformity (21 %). Three surgical techniques were evaluated and compared for their post surgical mouthopening, gap arthroplasty was done in 61 %, interpositional arthroplasty in 39 % and low ramus osteotomy in 21 %.

Conclusion

This study was aimed at analyzing the clinical form and function of the post surgical patient reviewing the recent radiographs to analyze the surgical site. The data collected was (1) Age of occurrence and age of reporting with the deformity (2) Etiological history (3) Sex and Side predisposition (4) Procedure used for correction of deformity (5) Recall (follow up) data especially recurrence and physiotherapy. We arrived at a conclusion that mean age of occurrence of deformity was approximately 4.7 years and age at which patient reported to clinic was 16.2 years. The main etiological factor was trauma (51 %) and ear infection (21 %). 57 % patients presented with unilateral deformity, with both the sides equally effected. The effectiveness of gap arthroplasty, interpositional arthroplasty and low ramus osteotomy procedures was evaluated. Gap arthroplasty and interpositional arthroplasty were found to be effective procedures. The importance of post operative physiotherapy was emphasised yet again through this study.