Flavanone glycosides, such as naringin and neohesperidin, are distributed in some Citrus species and have a chiral center in the C-2 position of the flavanone moiety. Naringin and neohesperidin (2S-form) were separated from the corresponding C-2 epimers (2R-epi-form) by normal-phase HPLC using a polysaccaride-derived chiral stationary phases (CSPs), CHIRALPAK® IB. The analyses of commercial samples of naringin revealed that the relative ratios of naringin to the C-2 epimer were 29–89%. In the case of a commercial sample of neohesperidin, the relative ratio of the neohesperidin (2S-form) is 84%.
The HPLC application to Citrus species used as crude drugs in Japan (Kijitsu, Kikoku and Tohi) showed that the relative ratios of naringin to the C-2 epimer were 75–93% in Kijitsu, 74–79% in Kikoku and 54–64% in Tohi. However, there is a quite small ratio of the (2R)-epi-neohesperidin in Citrus. This result suggested that the averages of relative ratio of (2S)-naringin in Citrus species reduced according to the maturity of fruits (Kijitsu < Kikoku < Tohi). Since the relative ratios of (2S)-naringin of dry extracts of 5 Kampo formulations (including Kijitsu or Kikoku) decreased to 42–54%, the conversion from naringin to the (2R)-epimer might be enhanced during the decoction process of the formulations. 相似文献
AimsNaringin, a flavonoid present in citrus fruits, has been known for the capacity to reduce lipid synthesis and anti-inflammatory. In this study, we investigated whether naringin increases lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation to change fat deposition.MethodsIn in vivo experiment, obese adult mice (20-weeks-old, n = 18) were divided into control group fed with normal diet and naringin-treated group fed with naringin-supplemented diet (5 g/kg) for 60 days, respectively. In in vitro experiment, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for four days with or without naringin (100 µg/mL).ResultsSupplementing naringin significantly reduced the body weight, abdominal fat weight, blood total cholesterol content of mice, but did not affect food intake. In addition, naringin decreased levels of pro-inflammatory factors in adipose tissue including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Naringin increased the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key factor in cellular energy metabolism, and raised the ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK in mouse liver tissue. The protein expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), phospho-HSL563 (p-HSL563), p-HSL563/HSL, and adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL) was significantly increased in the adipose tissue of naringin-treated mice. Furthermore, naringin enhanced the expression of fatty acid β-oxidation genes, including carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (AOX1) in mouse adipose tissue. In in vitro experiment, similar findings were observed in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with naringin treatment. The treatment remarkably reduced intracellular lipid content, increased the number of mitochondria and promoted the gene expression of HSL, ATGL, CPT1, AOX1, and UCP2 and the phosphorylation of HSL protein.ConclusionNaringin reduced body fat in obese mice and lipid content in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which was associated with enhanced AMPK activation and upregulation of the expression of the lipolytic genes HSL, ATGL, and β-oxidation genes CPT1, AOX1, and UCP2. 相似文献
Background:Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is a brain area that plays a key role in kidney and cardiovascular regulation via baroreceptors impulses.Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of naringin (NAR) and trimetazidine (TMZ) alone and their combination on NTS electrical activity and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) in renal ischemia- reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods:Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200- 250 g) were allocated into 5 groups with 8 in each. 1) Sham; 2) I/R; 3) TMZ 5 mg/kg; 4) NAR 100 mg/kg; and 5) TMZ5+ NAR100. The left femoral vein was cannulated to infuse saline solution or drug and the BRS was evaluated. I/R was induced by occlusion of renal pedicles for 45 min, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. The NTS local electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded before, during ischemia and throughout the reperfusion. Phenylephrine was injected intravenously to evaluate BRS at the end of reperfusion time. The data were analyzed by two-way repeated measurement ANOVA followed by Tukey''s post hoc test. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.Results:NTS electrical waves did not change during ischemia time, while they significantly decreased during the entire reperfusion time. NTS electrical activity and BRS dramatically reduced in rats with I/R injury; however, administration of NAR, TMZ alone or their combination significantly improved these changes in rats with I/R injury.Conclusions:The results showed that I/R injury leads to reduced BRS and NTS electrical activity and there may be an association between I/R and decreased BRS. In addition, NAR and TMZ are promising agents to treat I/R complications. 相似文献
Fructus Aurantii is one of the commonly used traditional Chinese medicines and the compatibility of Fructus Aurantii, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Semen Crotonis Pulveratum were the main components in a Chinese traditional patent medicine Weichang'an pill. Naringin and neohesperidin are two main flavonoid glycosides in the extract of Fructus Aurantii. The pharmacokinetics of naringin and neohesperidin, as the main marker constituents were analysis by a simple and accurate method.
Materials and Methods
In the present study, pharmacokinetic differences of two flavonoid glycosides were detected after oral administration of the extract of single herb and different compatibility of Fructus Aurantii, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Semen Crotonis Pulveratum which at doses of approximately 700 mg/kg naringin and 300 mg/kg neohesperidin.
Results
It indicated that the pharmacokinetic process of naringin and neohesperidin in four groups were demonstrated bimodal phenomenon after oral administration. Comparing to pharmacokinetic parameters of the single herbs administration, there were no significant difference after the compatibility of Fructus Aurantii and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. However, the absorption of two flavonoid glycosides was increased dramatically after the compatibility of Fructus Aurantii or Semen Crotonis Pulveratum. The same results were attained after co-administration of the extract of three herbs.
Conclusion
Some components in the extract of Semen Crotonis Pulveratum promoted the absorption of naringin and neohesperidin. 相似文献