全文获取类型
收费全文 | 22980篇 |
免费 | 1061篇 |
国内免费 | 676篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 102篇 |
儿科学 | 114篇 |
妇产科学 | 209篇 |
基础医学 | 4529篇 |
口腔科学 | 199篇 |
临床医学 | 999篇 |
内科学 | 2469篇 |
皮肤病学 | 219篇 |
神经病学 | 5822篇 |
特种医学 | 248篇 |
外国民族医学 | 1篇 |
外科学 | 956篇 |
综合类 | 1449篇 |
现状与发展 | 3篇 |
预防医学 | 295篇 |
眼科学 | 151篇 |
药学 | 5839篇 |
中国医学 | 192篇 |
肿瘤学 | 921篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 98篇 |
2022年 | 104篇 |
2021年 | 328篇 |
2020年 | 299篇 |
2019年 | 312篇 |
2018年 | 313篇 |
2017年 | 365篇 |
2016年 | 402篇 |
2015年 | 498篇 |
2014年 | 784篇 |
2013年 | 1211篇 |
2012年 | 918篇 |
2011年 | 1195篇 |
2010年 | 995篇 |
2009年 | 1160篇 |
2008年 | 1310篇 |
2007年 | 1132篇 |
2006年 | 1073篇 |
2005年 | 963篇 |
2004年 | 921篇 |
2003年 | 913篇 |
2002年 | 724篇 |
2001年 | 607篇 |
2000年 | 550篇 |
1999年 | 498篇 |
1998年 | 649篇 |
1997年 | 586篇 |
1996年 | 530篇 |
1995年 | 490篇 |
1994年 | 442篇 |
1993年 | 416篇 |
1992年 | 374篇 |
1991年 | 326篇 |
1990年 | 292篇 |
1989年 | 282篇 |
1988年 | 213篇 |
1987年 | 222篇 |
1986年 | 171篇 |
1985年 | 306篇 |
1984年 | 426篇 |
1983年 | 244篇 |
1982年 | 321篇 |
1981年 | 224篇 |
1980年 | 159篇 |
1979年 | 122篇 |
1978年 | 72篇 |
1977年 | 60篇 |
1976年 | 45篇 |
1975年 | 19篇 |
1974年 | 23篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
G. Th. H. Van Kempen Dr. P. C. Molenaar 《Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)》1992,87(3):193-197
Summary Clinical evidence suggests that endocrinal factors are involved in fluctuations of the symptoms of women with myasthenia gravis. We studied the effect of estradiol and progesterone in an animal model for myasthenia gravis in rats. Although it was found that the mass of muscles was dependent on sex, and in female rats affected by estradiol, the number of acetylcholine receptors in these muscles was independent of sex and hormone administration. Sex hormones failed to influence the severity of muscle weakness in myasthenic rats. 相似文献
62.
Martin Ungerer Michael Böhm Robert H. G. Schwinger Erland Erdmann 《Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology》1990,341(6):577-585
Summary The effects of the new inotropic agents saterinone, sulmazole, UD-CG 212.C1 and milrinone at A1 adenosine receptors and m-cholinoceptors were evaluated in human myocardium from patients with heart failure. At A1 adenosine receptors, all compounds inhibited 3H-DPCPX-binding to ventricular membrane preparations at micromolar concentrations. As judged from the Ki-values, the rank order of potency was saterinone > sulmazole > UD-CG 212.C1 > milrinone. The new inotropic agents also displaced the binding of 3H-QNB at m-cholinoceptors. Except for saterinone, the concentration ranges of mean Ki-values were considerably higher at m-cholinoceptors than at A1 adenosine receptors. The rank order of potency was saterinone > sulmazole > UD-CG 212.Cl > milrinone. Competition of the A1 adenosine receptor agonist R-PIA to 3H-DPCPX-binding showed a biphasic curve with a shallow slope (Hill coefficient nH = 0.63) and revealed two affinity states of the A1 adenosine receptor. In the presence of guanine nucleotides [Gpp(NH)p], the competition curve showed one low affinity class of binding sites and was shifted to the right. In contrast, the competition curves of the new inotropic agents were characterized by a monophasic, steeper slope (mean Hill coefficient nH = 0.98). Guanine nucleotides had no effect. Similar results were obtained with saterinone and carbachol at m-cholinoceptors. Competition with carbachol revealed three affinity states of the m-cholinoceptor, the superhigh affinity binding was reversed by Gpp(NH)p. Competition with saterinone revealed one class of binding sites which was not influenced by Gpp(NH)p. Accordingly, in isolated, electrically driven human atrial trabeculae, the negative inotropic effect of adenosine was antagonized concentration-dependently by saterinone, sulmazole and UD-CG 212.Cl. Similarly the negative inotropic effect of carbachol was antagonized concentration-dependently by saterinone. It is concluded that the new inotropic agents bind to A1 adenosine receptors and that their interaction is of antagonist nature. This mechanism might contribute to their capacity to enhance force of contraction by stimulation of cAMP-formation in addition to phosphodiesterase inhibition. The effects of saterinone may be partially due to antagonism at m-cholinoceptors. This is presumably not the case with the other inotropic agents studied given their low affinity for this receptor.Send offprint requests to M. Böhm at the above addressSupported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 相似文献
63.
Summary— The regulation and role of the intracellular Ca2+ pools were studied in rat peritoneal mast cells. Cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i) was monitored in fura-2 loaded mast cells. In the presence of Ca2+ and K+, compound 48/80 induced a biphasic increase in [Ca2+ ]i composed of a fast transient phase and an apparent sustained phase. The sustained phase was partially inhibited by the addition of Mn2+ . DTPA, a cell-impermeant chelator of Mn2+ , reversed this inhibition, suggesting that a quenching of fura-2 fluorescence occurs in the extracellular medium. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+ , the transient phase, but not the sustained one, could be preserved, provided that mast cells were depolarized. The transient phase was completely abolished by thapsigargin, a microsomal Ca2+ -ATPase inhibitor. Maximum histamine release induced by either compound 48/80 or antigen was obtained in the absence of added Ca2+ only when mast cells were depolarized. These histamine releases were inhibited by low doses (< 30 nM) of thapsigargin. Thapsigargin at higher doses induced histamine release which was unaffected by changing the plasma membrane potential, but was completely dependent on extracellular Ca2+ , showing that a Ca2+ influx is required for thapsigargin-induced exocytosis. Together, these results suggest that the mobilization of Ca2+ from thapsigargin sensitive-intracellular pools induced by compound 48/80 or antigen is sufficient to trigger histamine release. The modulation of these pools by the plasma membrane potential suggest their localization is close to the plasma membrane. 相似文献
64.
烟碱对脑M胆碱能受体信息跨膜转导的调节 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
采用体外实验研究烟碱对大鼠脑M受体信息跨膜转导的调节作用.脑突触体以烟碱1.0μmol·L-1预处理后,[3H]l-二苯羟乙酸奎宁酯与M受体结合及解离动力学过程减慢.在溶脱的大脑皮层M受体与G蛋白复合体上,烟碱1.0μmol·L-1可减慢[35S]-腺苷5'-[γ-硫]三磷酸与G蛋白的结合,并增强M受体与G蛋白之间的偶联关系.烟碱0.1~1000μmol·L-1既不影响纹状体腺苷酸环化酶的基础活性,也不影响氟化钠激活腺苷酸环化酶的作用.烟碱0.1~30μmol·L-1浓度依赖性地提高脑细胞内Ca2+浓度.据此提出烟碱对脑M受体信息跨膜转导系统有多点调节作用. 相似文献
65.
Antagonism of phencyclidine-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition by the putative atypical antipsychotic olanzapine 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex provides an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Deficits in PPI are observed in schizophrenia patients and can be modelled in animals by administration of noncompetitive NMDA antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) or dizocilpine (MK-801). Previous studies indicate that the atypical antipsychotic clozapine restores PPI in PCP-treated animals while the typical antipsychotic haloperidol does not. Olanzapine (LY170053) is a novel putative atypical antipsychotic that shares many pharmacological and behavioral properties with clozapine. The present study assessed the ability of olanzapine (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) to antagonize deficits in PPI produced by PCP (1.5 mg/kg) and dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg). At the two highest doses, olanzapine significantly increased PPI in PCP- and dizocilpine-treated animals without affecting PPI or baseline startle reactivity by itself. These results support the notion that olanzapine is functionally similar to clozapine and may have utility as an atypical antipsychotic agent. 相似文献
66.
Juan F López-Giménez Laurence H Tecott José M Palacios Guadalupe Mengod M Teresa Vilaró 《Journal of neuroscience research》2002,67(1):69-85
Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to study possible alterations of the densities of multiple serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes and of serotonin transporter in the brain of 5-HT(2C) receptor knockout mice. The radioligands employed were [(3)H]citalopram, [(3)H]WAY100,635, [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT, [(3)H]GR125743, [(3)H]sumatriptan, [(3)H]MDL100,907, [(125)I](+/-)DOI, [(3)H]mesulergine, [(3)H]5-HT, [(3)H]GR113808, and [(3)H]5-CT. As expected, radioligands that label 5-HT(2C) receptors showed a complete absence of labeling in mutant mice choroid plexus and significantly reduced densities in other brain regions expressing 5-HT(2C) receptors. With the rest of the radioligands, no significant alterations in the densities of labeled sites were found in any brain region. In situ hybridization showed no changes in 5-HT(2A) receptor and serotonin transporter mRNA levels, whereas 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNA levels were reduced in certain brain regions. The present results indicate that the mouse serotonergic system does not exhibit compensatory up- or down-regulation of the majority of its components (serotonin transporter and most 5-HT receptor subtypes) in response to the absence of 5-HT(2C) receptors. 相似文献
67.
用系列单抗与标记的花生凝集素(PNA)对38例急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)细胞行免疫分型与确定分化阶段,检测ALL细胞PNA受体表达情况,与正常成熟淋巴细胞(NML)对照。发现T-ALL,Non-T-ALL细胞大多表达PNA受体,而NML细胞极少表达PNA受体,两者有显著差别(P<0.01)。经神经氨酸酶(NA)预处理后,Non-T-ALL与NML细胞PNA受体表达明显增加(P<0.05),以NML为甚,而T-ALL细胞NA处理前后PNA受体表达未见明显区别;ALL细胞PNA受体表达与细胞分化程度存在显著的等级相关(r8=-0.357,P<0.05)。结果表明ALL细胞上大多存在D-半乳糖-β(1-3)-N-乙酰氨基半乳糖基(D-Gal-β(1-3)-N-GalNAC);ALL细胞分化程度越高。细胞上D-Gal-β(1-3)-N-GalNAC连接唾液酸末端越多。 相似文献
68.
INVOLVEMENT OF NON-NMDA AND NMDA RECEPTORS IN GLUTAMATE-INDUCED PRESSOR OR DEPRESSOR RESPONSES OF THE PONS AND MEDULLA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
SY Chen WC Wu CJ Tseng JS Kuo CY Chai 《Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology》1997,24(1):46-56
1. Fifty-five intact and six baroreceptor denervated and vagotomized cats of either sex were anaesthetized intraperito-neally with urethane (400 mg/kg) and a-chloralose (40 mg/kg). Responses of the systemic arterial pressure (SAP), mean SAP (MSAP) and sympathetic vertebral nerve (VNA) and renal nerve activities (RNA) were recorded. 2. In intact animals, monosodium L-glutamate (Glu, 0.1 mol/L, 50 nL) was microinjected into pressor areas of the locus coeruleus (LC), gigantocellular tegmental field (GTF), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and dorsomedial medulla (DM), and the depressor areas of caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The induced actions were compared before and after microinjection of either glutamate antagonists, glutamate diethylester (GDEE, 0.5 mol/L, 50–100nL), a competitive AMPA receptor blocker, or 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-AP5, 0.025 mol/L, 50–100 nL), a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker. GDEE completely blocked the increases of SAP and VNA elicited from all pressor areas. D-AP5 only partially blocked the pressor but slightly blocked VNA and RNA responses from LC, GTF and DM, particularly those from RVLM. Neither GDEE nor D-AP5 blocked the depressor responses of SAP and two nerve activities elicited from CVLM. 3. In baroreceptor denervated animals, NMDA (2 mmol/L, 50–100 nL) and AMPA (0.2 mmol/L, 50–100 nL) were micro-injected into the same pressor areas of GTF, RVLM and DM and the depressor area of CVLM responsive to Glu activation (0.1 mol/L, 30 nL). In RVLM, DM and CVLM, the results of either NMDA or AMPA were similar to those induced by Glu. However, in GTF, microinjection of either NMDA or AMPA did not induce similar responses to Glu. This suggests that the nature of GTF may differ from RVLM and DM. 4. The above results suggest that the Glu-induced pressor responses from LC, GTF, DM and especially RVLM, are primarily mediated through AMPA receptors. The Glu-induced depressor responses from CVLM may not be predominantly mediated by either AMPA or NMDA receptors. 5. In both baroreceptor-intact and -denervated cats stimulation of the pressor areas often produced an increase of VNA and a decrease of RNA, while in the depressor CVLM decreased both VNA and RNA. The VNA, but not RNA were positively correlated with the pressor responses, while both VNA and RNA were positively correlated with the depressor responses. This may suggest that neurons of the sympathetic vertebral and renal nerves are topographically organized in the brain. 相似文献
69.
Michael Müller Lotty Rietschin Franziska Grogg Peter Streit Beat H. Ghwiler 《Hippocampus》1994,4(2):204-209
The heavy metal bismuth induces a new type of selective neuronal degeneration that shares some common aspects with that seen following hypoxia and ischemia. Continuous application of 3 μm bismuth to organotypic cultures of rat hippocampus resulted after 2–3 weeks in selective degeneration of CA1 pyramidal cells, while CA3 pyramidal cells, dentate granule cells, and subicular neurons were resistant. With 10 μm MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA-antagonist, during the entire culturing period failed to prevent neuronal degeneration induced by 3 μm bismuth. GABA-immunoreactive interneurons were also affected by bismuth, but were generally less sensitive than CA1 pyramidal cells. Acute application of up to 100 μm bismuth did not change the electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal cells. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
70.
本文报告口服Sumatriptan 100mg对偏头痛急性发作119例次的治疗结果。治疗后4h内显效91例次(76.5%),好转16例次(13.4%),无效12例次(10.1%),总有效率为89.9%。对偏头痛伴随症状恶心、呕吐和畏光、畏声的缓解率分别为94.2%、96%和94.3%。 相似文献