Mitochondrial K<Subscript>ATP</Subscript> channel-dependent and -independent phases of ischemic preconditioning against myocardial infarction in the rat

To obtain insight into the role of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) (mitoK(ATP)) channel in ischemic preconditioning (PC), we aimed to clarify the mitoK(ATP) channel-dependent phase of PC in two PC protocols with different intervals between PC ischemia and an index ischemia. The possible contribution of mitoK(ATP) channel opening to protein kinase C activation in PC was also examined by Western blotting. Myocardial infarction was induced by 30-min coronary occlusion/2-h reperfusion in rat hearts in situ, and infarct size was expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (% IS/AR). PC was performed with 2 episodes of 5-min ischemia, and each heart was subjected to 30-min ischemia either 5 min or 20 min after PC. At 5 min after PC, both PKC-delta and -epsilon were translocated and the myocardium was protected against infarction (% IS/AR = 28.3 +/- 2.7 % vs. 72.7 +/- 2.2 in controls p < 0.05). Pretreatment with a selective mitoK(ATP) channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD, 10 mg/kg), abolished the cardioprotection but not PKC translocation by PC. At 20 min after PC, PKC translocation remained at the same level as that 5 min after PC, but the anti-infarct tolerance was attenuated (%IS/AR = 43.5 +/- 4.7 %). Injection of 5-HD after PC did not affect anti-infarct tolerance at 5 min after PC but abolished the protection at 20 min after PC without any effects on PKC. These results suggest that the mitoK(ATP) channel plays a role in triggering of PC in a PKC-independent manner and that the role of the mitoK(ATP) channel as a mediator of protection is detectable after, but not before, the PC effect starts to decay without a change in the level of PKC translocation in the rat heart.     

The effect of Coenzyme Q10 on reperfusion injury in canine myocardium

The mechanism of mitochondrial damage during reperfusion injury of ischemic myocardium was studied using mongrel dogs in vivo and isolated mitochondria in vitro. Seventy-seven adult dogs were divided into three groups: the control group (n = 38), the Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)-5 mg group (n = 24), and the CoQ10-15 mg group (n = 15). In the control group, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of the dog was occluded for 15 min followed by 5 min of reperfusion after 40 min of premedication with physiological saline. In both CoQ10 groups, 5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg of CoQ10 was infused intravenously for 20 min and then physiological saline was administered for 20 min before 15 min occlusion of the LAD. Subsequently, reperfusion was allowed for 5 min. Each group was further divided into two subgroups depending on the presence (arrhythmia group) or the absence (non-arrhythmia group) of ventricular arrhythmias. Immediately after 15 min occlusion, myocardial samples were taken from the normal and reperfused areas to measure CoQ10 content of myocardium. Heart mitochondria were prepared after 5 min of reperfusion from both areas. Arrhythmias appeared in 12 of 38 dogs in the control group (32%), two of 24 dogs in the CoQ10-5 mg group (8%) and none of 15 dogs in the CoQ10-15 mg group (0%). Premedication with CoQ10 increased tissue CoQ10 content in a dose-dependent manner. In the CoQ10-5 mg group, the increase in CoQ10 content of dogs with reperfusion arrhythmias was relatively less than that of dogs without reperfusion arrhythmias. In each group, mitochondrial function was decreased in the arrhythmia group compared to that of the non-arrhythmia group. The increase in free fatty acid (FFA) content and the decrease in phospholipid content were also observed in mitochondria from the reperfused area of each arrhythmia group. The increase in FFA and mitochondrial dysfunction were induced by the incubation of mitochondria in vitro with phospholipase (PLase) A2 or PLase C, and protected by the addition of CoQ10. These results suggest that PLase plays an important role in the development of mitochondrial damage associated with reperfusion.     

A Novel Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Correction Method for Mitochondrial Ca2+ Measurement with FURA-2-FF in Single Permeabilized Ventricular Myocytes of Rat

Fura-2 analogs are ratiometric fluoroprobes that are widely used for the quantitative measurement of [Ca²⁺]. However, the dye usage is intrinsically limited, as the dyes require ultraviolet (UV) excitation, which can also generate great interference, mainly from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) autofluorescence. Specifically, this limitation causes serious problems for the quantitative measurement of mitochondrial [Ca²⁺], as no available ratiometric dyes are excited in the visible range. Thus, NADH interference cannot be avoided during quantitative measurement of [Ca²⁺] because the majority of NADH is located in the mitochondria. The emission intensity ratio of two different excitation wavelengths must be constant when the fluorescent dye concentration is the same. In accordance with this principle, we developed a novel online method that corrected NADH and Fura-2-FF interference. We simultaneously measured multiple parameters, including NADH, [Ca²⁺], and pH/mitochondrial membrane potential; Fura-2-FF for mitochondrial [Ca²⁺] and TMRE for Ψ_m or carboxy-SNARF-1 for pH were used. With this novel method, we found that the resting mitochondrial [Ca²⁺] concentration was 1.03 µM. This 1 µM cytosolic Ca²⁺ could theoretically increase to more than 100 mM in mitochondria. However, the mitochondrial [Ca²⁺] increase was limited to ~30 µM in the presence of 1 µM cytosolic Ca²⁺. Our method solved the problem of NADH signal contamination during the use of Fura-2 analogs, and therefore the method may be useful when NADH interference is expected.     

槲皮素抑制异烟肼诱导的L-02细胞线粒体氧化应激性DNA损伤

目的:探讨活性氧(ROS)介导的线粒体氧化损伤在异烟肼(INH)诱导L-02细胞DNA损伤中的作用及槲皮素对细胞的保护作用。方法:建立体外培养INH致肝细胞L-02损伤的模型,将细胞分为对照(control)组、INH组、槲皮素低剂量(Que low)及高剂量(Que high)组。利用彗星试验评价细胞DNA损伤;制备L-02细胞线粒体,应用荧光探针DCFH-DA和rhodamine 123检测细胞线粒体ROS水平及线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm);采用TBA法测定丙二醛(MDA)含量;应用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性;采用Western blotting法检测细胞中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达,计算Bax/Bcl-2值。结果:INH可诱导L-02细胞DNA损伤,使细胞线粒体ROS水平、细胞MDA含量及Bax/Bcl-2值明显增高,并使细胞ΔΨm值和SOD活性明显下降。而槲皮素能减轻细胞DNA损伤,减少细胞ROS水平,增加细胞ΔΨm值,降低细胞MDA含量,增加SOD活性,减少Bax/Bcl-2值。结论:INH可通过诱导细胞线粒体氧化应激导致L-02细胞DNA损伤。槲皮素能减轻INH诱导L-02细胞的DNA损伤,对L-02细胞具有保护作用,可能与其抑制ROS介导的线粒体氧化损伤有关。     

BARF1表达下调通过活化caspase依赖的线粒体通路诱导EBV阳性胃癌细胞凋亡

目的:研究BARF1表达下调对EBV阳性胃癌细胞凋亡的影响,以及BARF1基因沉默介导细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法:siRNA和NCsiRNA分别转染NUGC3和SNU719细胞,运用Western blot测定细胞中BARF1、Bcl-2、Bax、细胞色素C、caspase 3和caspase 9的蛋白表达;RT-PCR测定BARF1、Bcl-2和Bax mRNA的表达;台盼蓝染色法测定细胞存活率;Annexin V-FITC/PI染色法和流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡;细胞凋亡因子抗体芯片分析细胞中凋亡相关蛋白的表达;线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒测定线粒体膜电位;免疫共沉淀检测细胞中Apaf-1和caspase 9的相互作用。结果:与空白对照组和阴性对照组相比,BARF1基因沉默显著诱导NUGC3和SNU719细胞凋亡,而线粒体膜电位显著降低。BARF1沉默基因能促进促凋亡蛋白的表达并抑制抗凋亡蛋白的表达,Bcl-2/Bax比例显著降低;而caspase抑制剂能抑制由BARF1基因沉默介导的细胞凋亡。在siRNA转染的细胞中,caspase 3和caspase 9蛋白发生裂解,细胞色素C的浓度显著高于阴性对照组,Apaf-1蛋白与caspase 9蛋白在细胞质中能够发生相互作用。结论:BARF1基因沉默通过线粒体途径调节Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达进而诱导NUGC3和SNU719细胞凋亡,并呈caspase通路依赖关系。     

全肠外营养诱导线粒体应激介导的肝细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨全肠外营养诱导新生乳猪线粒体应激介导的肝细胞凋亡的作用机制。方法以肠内营养乳猪作为对照，建立全肠外营养新生乳猪实验动物模型，喂养7d后获取肝脏组织，分离原代肝细胞，部分肝组织应用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测肝细胞DNA凋亡条带，通过凋亡蛋白活性测定、免疫组织化学、Western blot印迹法等检测全肠外营养诱导肝细胞发生凋亡的蛋白表达。结果全肠外营养组乳猪肝细胞活率为（49±21）％，明显低于肠内营养组的（88±14）％（P〈0．05）。全肠外营养乳猪肝组织DNA电泳呈现典型梯形凋亡条带，细胞凋亡ELISA检测发现细胞凋亡定量高达对照组的2．6倍，半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶（caspase）-3活性也明显升高，与肠内营养相比增高9．9倍，但ATP酶活性下降了24％。Westernblot显示全肠外营养组肝组织中相关凋亡蛋白酶PARP、caspase-9和-7蛋白酶原被活化，Bcl-2蛋白表达量下调，Bax蛋白量表达上调；同时线粒体内细胞色素C释放至胞浆内，使胞浆内细胞色素C表达水平升高。免疫组织化学也显示全肠外营养组Bax表达上调。结论全肠外营养可以损伤肝组织，并通过线粒体应激信号传导通路诱导肝细胞凋亡。     

慢性胰腺炎增生性胰管上皮细胞线粒体DNA突变的意义

目的探讨慢性胰腺炎增生性胰管上皮细胞线粒体DNA调控序列D-环突变的意义。方法利用PCR技术扩增46份来自11例慢性胰腺炎不同程度的胰腺导管增生性上皮细胞和其各自正常组织的线粒体DNA全序列。使用核苷同源序列（BLAST）分析病变组织的线粒体DNA。结果9份标本D-环共有15个突变点，增生性导管上皮细胞D-环至少存在一个以上异常点。异常D-环随病变进展程度呈进行性增加趋势．从单纯性导管上皮细胞肥大性增生的26．1％增至腺瘤样增生的80．0％（P〈0．01）。结论D-环异常程度与病变程度近乎呈平行性发展，异常D-环可作为检测增生性胰管上皮性组织病变的标志物。     

Cytokine-induced nitric oxide inhibits mitochondrial energy production and induces myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin-treated rat hearts

The mechanism responsible for cardiac depression in septic shock remains unknown. The present study examined whether nitric oxide (NO) overproduced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can inhibit aerobic energy metabolism and impair the myocardial function in endotoxin-treated rat hearts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (BP) to 44% of control during the 48 h treatment. Hearts from control and LPS-treated rats were perfused in a Langendorff apparatus. After LPS injection, left ventricular (LV) developed pressure (LVDP) was significantly depressed, plasma NO2-/NO3- (NO(x)) concentration was markedly increased, and myocardial adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CrP), and the ratio of ATP/adenosine 5'-diphosphate were progressively decreased with time. Immunological examination showed a significant expression of iNOS protein in the LPS-treated myocytes. Aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of iNOS, significantly attenuated these LPS-induced functional and metabolic changes. Myocardial cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) content was significantly increased after LPS injection. Methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, blunted this increase in cGMP and significantly restored the LPS-induced contractile dysfunction 6 h after LPS injection. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between LVDP and myocardial cGMP levels as well as a significant negative correlation between LVDP and plasma NO(x) levels. In contrast, 48 h after LPS injection, methylene blue no longer affected cardiac performance, and there was a significant positive correlation between LVDP and myocardial ATP content. Furthermore, the normalized activities (as a ratio of the citrate synthase activity) of mitochondrial NADH-CoQ reductase, succinate-CoQ reductase, and ATPase, were significantly inhibited, and the swelling or disruption of mitochondria cristae was seen in the 48 h LPS treatment. These LPS-induced functional and morphological disorders in the mitochondria were significantly improved by aminoguanidine. The findings suggest that sustained production of NO by iNOS leads to contractile dysfunction via cGMP in the early stage, but that it can directly impair the mitochondrial function, lower myocardial energy production, and contribute significantly to the myocardial dysfunction in the later stage of septic shock.     

High energy phosphate compounds and mitochondrial function in ischemic myocardium of swine with advanced coronary atherosclerosis

High energy compounds (adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate), lactate and mitochondrial function and morphology were investigated in swine suffering from persistent myocardial ischemia. The myocardial ischemia was secondary to severe diffuse coronary artery atherosclerosis induced by hypercholesterolemia enhanced by X-irradiation to the heart.In the ischemic myocardia, the high energy phosphate compounds were decreased up to 50% and lactate was increased threefold. The ischemia apparently had also damaged myocardial mitochondria; QO₂ and ACR were lower in mitochondrial preparations from the ischemic tissue. In addition, electron microscopy showed more swollen and broken forms in mitochondria preparations from the ischemic myocardium. Hypercholesterolemia alone or irradiation alone to other groups of swine did not induce alterations in QO₂ or ACR, although the percentage recovery of mitochondria was decreased by X-irradiation to the heart.We cannot yet relate the findings in this study to the ventricular fibrillation and sudden death that these swine are prone to develop. A possibility that might be investigated is that the decrease in high energy compounds impairs function of ion transport systems (e.g. Na-K-ATPase). The resultant disturbances in ion transport may enhance the development of fibrillation. Despite the abnormalities of mitochondria in the myocardia of the ischemic swine, there were no manifestations of congestive heart failure in this group.     

DL0410 attenuates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB and Nrf2/HO-1 activation

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been deeply associated with Alzheimer’s disease. DL0410 is a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with potential anti-oxidative effects in AD-related animal models, while the specific mechanism has not been fully clarified. In this study, DL0410 was predicted to be related to the modification of cell apoptosis, oxidation-reduction process, inflammatory response and ERK1/ERK2 cascade by in silico target fishing and GO enrichment analysis. Then the possible protective effects of DL0410 were evaluated by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress model and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model H₂O₂ decreased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells, induced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) loss and cell apoptosis, which could be reversed by DL0410 dose-dependently, indicating that DL0410 protected SH-SY5Y cells against H₂O₂-mediated oxidative stress. Western blot analysis showed that DL0410 increased the H₂O₂-triggered down-regulated TrkB, ERK and CREB phosphorylation and the expression of BDNF. In addition, TrkB inhibitor ANA-12, ERK inhibitor SCH772984 and CREB inhibitor 666-15 eliminated the inhibition of DL0410 on MDA accumulation and Δψm loss. Furthermore, DL0410 attenuates inflammatory responses and ROS production in LPS-treated BV2 cells, which is responsible for Nrf2 and HO-1 up-regulation. The present study demonstrates that DL0410 is a potential activator of the BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and may be a potential candidate for regulating oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory response in the brain. Together, the results showed that DL0410 is a promising drug candidate for treating AD and possibly other nervous system diseases associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.