Pancreatic sphincterotomy： Technique, indications, and complications

Pancreatic sphincterotomy serves as the cornerstone of endoscopic therapy of the pancreas. Historically, its indications have been less well-defined than those of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy, yet it plays a definite and useful role in diseases such as chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic-type sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. In the appropriate setting, it may be used as a single therapeutic maneuver, or in conjunction with other endoscopic techniques such as pancreatic stone extraction or stent placement. The current standard of practice utilizes two different methods of performing pancreatic sphincterotomy： a pull-type sphincterotome technique without prior stent placement, and a needleknife sphincterotome technique over an existing stent. The complications associated with pancreatic sphincterotomy are many, although acute pancreatitis appears to be the most common and the most serious of the early complications. As such, it continues to be reserved for those endoscopists who perform a relatively high-volume of therapeutic pancreaticobiliary endoscopic retrograde chola ngio-pancreatography.     

Current concepts in transplant surgery: liver transplantation today

Introduction The discipline of liver transplantation (LTx) has been developed over the past decades, and LTx is now considered the gold standard for the treatment of patients with end-stage liver diseases and early liver tumors in cirrhotic livers. This procedure is now performed routinely in many transplant centers, and it has provided an enormous technical innovation to the field of hepatobiliary surgery. Allocation decision of liver organs is based on medical need and timing. Materials and methods The Mayo Model for End Stage Liver Disease based on patient-specific criteria was developed and applied to prioritize patients on the waiting list. From the donor aspects of LTx, sources of organ, excluding xenotransplantation, can be brain-dead donors, living donors, and non-heart-beating donors. Today, the majority of livers are procured from cadaveric donors. In addition to the conventional LTx, other types are living-donor LTx, reuse of grafts as domino transplantation, ex situ as well as in situ split LTx, and reduced-size LTx. The transplantation procedure consists of several steps including donor selection and management, liver procurement and preservation, back-table preparation, recipient operation with liver implantation, postoperative care, immunosuppression, and follow-up. Results The postoperative complications are divided into surgical, non-surgical, and multifactorial complications. Surgical complications account about 34% of morbidities after LTx and are mainly categorized to vascular and biliary complications. The main medical ones are non-surgical bleeding and infections. The multifactorial complications include primary non- or poor function and small-for-size syndrome. The pretransplant outcome predictors of LTx can be divided into donor, recipient, operative, and postoperative factors. Conclusion LTx is now considered a safe and standardized procedure with a substantially improved graft and patient survival and acceptable morbidity rates. However, the new problems, including recurrence of hepatitis C or hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic biliary complications, opportunistic infections, and development of de-novo malignancies are the major problems affecting the long-term outcome of transplanted patients. Mehrabi and Fonouni contributed equally to this work. An invited review about the different techniques in liver transplantation was submitted for publication in “Der Chirurg.”     

门静脉高压症合并胆石症患者的手术适应证及方法探讨

目的研究门静脉高压症合并胆石症患者的手术适应证及方法。方法选取2011年2月至2013年2月我院门静脉高压症合并胆石症患者120例，随机分为I组和II组，每组60例，I组采用同期手术的治疗方法进行治疗，II组采用分期手术的方法进行治疗，总结分析手术治疗的适应证，并对比两组的临床疗效。结果两组临床疗效比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05），两组住院时间和治疗费用比较，I组明显优于II组，两组比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论门静脉高压症合并胆石症全身情况良好的患者适合手术治疗，采用同期手术治疗疗效显著，具有住院时间短、住院费用少的优点。     

Assisted ventilation in neonates: The Manipal experience

Case records of 68 newborns who required assisted ventilation over a 24 month period were reviewed. Fortyfour (64.7%) received intermittent mandatory ventilation, 10 (14.7%) received nasal CPAP and the remaining 14 (20.58%) received a combination of the above. Some of the indications for ventilation were infections (21), hyaline membrane disease (16), problems related to asphyxia (11), apnea of prematurity (10) and persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (5). The overall survival rate was 41.17%. In the CPAP group 90% (9/10) survived, while in the remaining survival was 32.7% (19/58). The best outcome was observed in persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (80%) followed by apnea of prematurity (70%) and hyaline membrane disease (43.75). Outcome was poor in conditions related to birth asphyxia (27.2%) and infections (19.05%). Survival rates were higher (44.4%) in babies weighing >1500g at birth as compared to 40.9% in babies <1500g. Babies less than 32 weeks gestation had a survival rate of 32% as compared to 46.5% in those over 32 weeks. This difference was not statistically significant. Complications were seen in 12/68 patients (17.6%). Pneumothorax was the commonest followed by sepsis, intrventricular hemorrhage and blocked endotracheal tubes. Babies with hyaline membrane disease had the highest incidence of complications. Analysis of the data with regard to the indications, outcome and complications is presented.     

射频技术在疼痛治疗中的应用

本文介绍射频技术在疼痛治疗领域中的作用机理、治疗模式和适应证，以及近年来除了神经毁损以外的脉冲射频、椎间盘内射频、肌筋膜触痛点毁损等方面的临床应用和作者的体会，特别指出了射频技术操作的特点和注意事项。     

脑干胶质瘤的外科治疗

目的 :为提高显微神经外科手术治疗脑干胶质瘤的疗效。方法 :总结我院 1996年～ 1999年采用显微神经外科手术治疗脑干胶质瘤 3例的经验 ,分析讨论脑干胶质瘤的临床特点、手术适应证、手术入路、手术方法及术后处理。结果 :3例病人术后病情均好转。结论 :脑干胶质瘤手术治疗部分病人可获得良好预后。     

新型口服降糖药和胰岛素类似物在糖尿病治疗中的地位

总结了近年来相继问世，已在临床上用于治疗糖尿病的新药。应根据其不同作用机制，合理选择适用范围，最大程度发挥其降糖作用，降低不良反应的发生。同时介绍了新型胰岛素促分泌剂——胰升糖素样肽-1及其类似物，其独特的降糖机制为临床提供了更丰富的治疗手段。     

扁桃体切除术对IgA肾病的治疗及预后因素预测

目的了解扁桃体切除术对IgA肾病的治疗效果，探讨手术的适应证及禁忌证。方法经。肾活检确诊IgA肾病行扁桃体切除术患者35例为手术组，分别在手术前IgA肾病发作期及术后1周、2周、4周、半年检测24h尿蛋白定量、1h尿RBC及血清肌酐。经。肾活检确诊IgA肾病仅行内科治疗患者40例（非手术组）比较。结果手术组的有效率是71．4％，非手术组的有效率是52．5％，两组比较差异有统计学意义。结论扁桃体切除术对具有慢性扁桃体炎的IgA肾病患者疗效较好，尤其是肾小球轻度受损者，效果肯定；肾功能明显损害是手术禁忌证。     

产妇分娩方式选择及其影响因素研究

[目的]探讨影响产妇分娩选择方式的相关因素及其相关程度。[方法]采用“产妇分娩方式的选择及其影响因素问卷”,对213名产妇进行调查,并对产妇选择顺产或剖宫产及主观、客观因素进行分析。[结果]观察人群总剖宫产率为81.2%。除符合剖宫产手术指征外,社会因素已成为影响剖宫产率上升的主要原因之一。[结论]来自孕妇及医生的主观意愿影响着分娩方式的合理选择,剖宫产的手术指征已远远超过单纯医学指征的范围,并导致剖宫产率的大幅度上升。因此降低剖宫产率应首先降低社会因素剖宫产,这也是当前需要解决的一大难题。