How people of African Caribbean or Irish ethnicity cope with long-term health conditions in UK community settings: A systematic review of qualitative,quantitative and mixed method studies

Living with a chronic or mental health condition can be challenging and requires considerable adjustment. As ways of coping are culturally influenced, it is important to understand how minority ethnic populations cope, to inform appropriate services. This review aimed to explore the coping strategies used by UK residents from an African Caribbean or Irish background between 1960 and 2020. A systematic literature search on strategies used to cope with chronic health conditions in both populations living in the United Kingdom identified 26 relevant studies. Data were extracted, quality of papers was appraised and critical interpretive synthesis was applied. Two major foci of the studies were coping strategies and barriers to coping. The main coping strategies were denial/scepticism, self-management, spirituality and religion. Within each population, there was variation in ways of coping. The review highlights the complex role of religion in influencing coping strategies. It demonstrates how personal and minority ethnic populations’ experiences of service use are connected with stigma, fear and mistrust, which also act as barriers to seeking help and to coping. Coping with a chronic or mental health condition in the Irish and African Caribbean populations is under-researched. Stigma, fear and mistrust in services act as key barriers to help-seeking and religion is a prominent coping strategy. However, few detailed examples were given on how it was used to assist individuals when managing a chronic or mental health condition. Also due to a lack of research, firm conclusions cannot be drawn for the Irish population.     

Assessment of the effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on MDCK epithelial cell lines under a controlled environment

To assess the effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on MDCK cell lines, experiments were performed in a chamber under controlled conditions (temperature, humidity and CO₂). Therefore, the measured physicochemical and electrical changes in the cells are due solely to the magnetic field exposure and not to external factors. A developed sinusoidal magnetic field generator produced the ELF-MFs with a uniform magnetic field and adjustable intensity and frequency. Three experimental indicators were used: (i) transepithelial electrical impedance (TEEI); (ii) cell migration and proliferation; and (iii) expression of the proteins of the tight junctions, and changes in the area and shape of the cell nuclei. No significant effects on TEEI values were observed when 10 and 50 G 60 Hz magnetic fields were applied to confluent cell monolayers. There were no significant differences in migration and proliferation of the cell monolayer exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields10 and 50 G , but a contact inhibition factor was observed. The expression of the CLDN-1 protein decreased by 90% compared with the control, while ZO-1 protein expression increased by 120%. No significant effects were observed in the area and shape of the cell nuclei. Experimentation in a controlled environment, under physiological conditions, ensures that the observed effects were strictly due to exposure to magnetic fields. Different exposure conditions are necessary to determine the impact on TEEI and cell migration–proliferation indicators.     

容积调控性氯离子通道与肿瘤

容积调控性氯通道在细胞的容积调节、增殖及凋亡等生理过程中发挥重要作用，其分子结构尚未确定。近年研究发现容积调控性氯通道与肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移、凋亡及多药耐药性等恶性生物学行为有关。随着研究深入，容积调控性氯通道将成为抗肿瘤治疗的新靶点。     

Role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in acute respiratory distress syndrome

The critical role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in mediating inflammatory lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been raised recently. The present study has identified enhanced MIF protein expression in alveolar capillary endothelium and infiltrating macrophages in lung tissues from ARDS patients. The possibility that MIF up-regulates its synthesis in an autocrine fashion in ARDS was tested using cultured endothelial cells stimulated with MIF and a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. MIF induced significant MIF and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha synthesis in cultured endothelial cells and the effect was blocked by neutralizing anti-MIF antibody. A similar blocking effect was observed when MIF-stimulated endothelial cells were pretreated with neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibody or glucocorticoid, supporting the notion that MIF induced TNF-alpha production via an amplifying pro-inflammatory loop. Treatment with anti-MIF or glucocorticoid effectively attenuated pulmonary pathology and the synthesis of MIF or TNF-alpha in mice with LPS-induced acute lung injury. Mildly augmented expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) was also detected in alveolar capillary endothelium in ARDS. In vitro studies revealed that both MIF and TNF-alpha induced a small increase of AQP1 synthesis in cultured endothelial cells. These findings suggest that MIF plays a crucial pathological role leading to alveolar inflammation in ARDS. Anti-MIF and early glucocorticoid therapy may represent a novel therapeutic approach for reducing alveolar inflammation in ARDS.     

Ultrastructural characteristics of primordial germ cells and their amoeboid movement to the gonadal ridges in the tammar wallaby

 The primordial germ cells (PGCs) of tammar wallaby fetuses are large cells with large nuclei. The cytoplasm of the PGCs contains characteristic spherical mitochondria and abundant ribosomes that make the cyoplasm appear dense. No permanent junctional complexes between PGCs and somatic cells were observed, and there were few cytoplasmic inclusions. The majority of migrating PGCs were observed outside the gonad in the dorsal mesentery and in the tissues adjacent to the gonad. The migrating PGCs have many finger-like, blunt pseudopodia, within which microfilament bundles are observed. The numerous dumbell-like PGCs with polarised cytoplasm suggest that the PGCs of this marsupial move to the gonadal ridges by amoeboid movement, but once the PGCs reach the gonadal ridge, they assume their more characteristic ovoid shape. Accepted: 10 January 1997     

结直肠癌中辅酶Q10的功能及分子机制探讨

目的：探索辅酶Q₁₀(coenzyme Q₁₀,CoQ₁₀)对结直肠癌细胞增殖和迁移能力的影响及潜在分子机制。方法：使用CoQ₁₀分别处理SW480细胞和RKO细胞后,采用细胞计数和细胞划痕实验探究CoQ₁₀对结直肠癌细胞增殖和迁移能力的影响;采用流式细胞术探究CoQ₁₀对结直肠癌SW480细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响;采用RNA-seq测序分析CoQ₁₀对结直肠癌RKO细胞系基因表达谱的影响,将差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG通路分析,最后采用定量RT-PCR验证RNA-seq结果。结果：(1)CoQ₁₀对结直肠癌细胞系SW480的细胞增殖、细胞周期、细胞凋亡和细胞迁移均无明显影响,对结直肠癌细胞系RKO的细胞增殖也无明显影响,但可抑制RKO细胞迁移。(2)CoQ₁₀处理结直肠癌RKO细胞后的RNA-seq结果表明,差异表达基因明显富集于细胞黏附分子信号通路、细胞外基质受体信号通路和胆固醇信号通...     

Migratory pathways and selective aggregation of the lateral reticular neurons in the rat embryo: a horseradish peroxidase in vitro study, with special reference to migration patterns of the precerebellar nuclei

The migration and ultimate domain invasion of postmitotic lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) neurons were followed in embryonic day 15-20 (E15-E20) rat embryos, by using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in vitro axonal tracing method. All of the LRN axons elongate and neuronal somata migrate via the subpial or marginal migratory stream (mms), circumnavigating the ventrolateral aspect of the medulla at the glial endfeet level. They reach the ventral midline at E16, bypass it, and begin to settle in their final territory at E17. At E18 the LRN anlage is fully formed, and at E19-E20 its cells have finished their migration and are rapidly differentiating. Comparison of these sequential steps with their counterparts in the development of the inferior olive (ION) and external cuneatus (ECN) brings to light the essential role of the neuroepithelial cells of the interolivary commissure (the "floor plate"). This zone is likely to act as 1) a chemoattractant for the growth cones of the LRN, ION, and ECN, and 2) a decision-making center, which instructs the somata of these neurons to cross the midline or not, ultimately governing the crossed or uncrossed pattern of their projection to their common target, the cerebellum. Finally, the ontogeny of the LRN and ECN provides a most surprising example, even unique in the central nervous system, of long-distance, neurophilic migration that conveys neuronal cell bodies contralaterally to the side on which they proliferate.     

球囊导管损伤后早期动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖

目的：研究动脉硬化早期中膜与内膜平滑肌细胞的增殖。方法：球囊导管损伤大鼠的颈总动脉后在电镜和光镜下观察其形态和生化指标变化。结果：术后24h 5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶尿苷阳性平滑肌细胞出现,阳性细胞率分别于术后第2,5d出现高峰。术后第2,3d迁移细胞的出现率最高。术后第3d,88.8%迁移细胞增殖细胞核抗原阳性。透射电子显微镜下,术后第3d中膜平滑肌细胞特别是内层的为合成型,并且与细胞外基质连接稀疏,基底膜、胶原纤维和弹性纤维被消失。结论：动脉损伤后,中膜平滑肌细胞呈高增殖性,由收缩型转变为合成型,与细胞外基质的结合性降低,中膜弹性纤维、胶原纤维被消化,增生活跃的细胞向内膜的迁移性增高。迁移至内膜的平滑肌细胞呈高增殖性。     

uPAR在人毛囊发育中的表达及其规律

目的 探讨人胚胎毛囊形成发育过程中,尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂受体（uPAR）的表达及其规律。方法 用免疫细胞化学和原位杂交分别对人胚胎毛囊起始期、延长期、分化期和胎毛阶段的表皮及毛囊的uPAR蛋白及mRNA的表达进行了检测,用图像分析系统进行了定量测定。结果 uPAR在起始期和延长期的整个毛囊中有表达,在分化期和胎毛前期毛囊的外根鞘有表达。在起始期、延长期、分化期和胎毛阶段前期表皮的基底层、最外层细胞有阳性表达。阳性表达在延长期最高,呈现出先增后减的趋势。结论 uPAR与角质形成细胞的增殖和迁移密切相关。     

The NK1 receptor and its participation in the synergistic enhancement of corneal epithelial migration by substance P and insulin-like growth factor-1

1. We have previously shown that substance P (SP) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) act synergistically to enhance the migration of rabbit corneal epithelial cells in an organ culture model. The present study was designed to identify the epithelial cell SP receptor that participates in this synergistic effect.
2. Rabbit corneal blocks were incubated for 24 h, then the length of the path of epithelial migration was measured. Reagents tried in the TC-199 culture medium, in the presence or absence of IGF-1, were: SP, agonists of tachykinin receptors NK₁, NK₂ or NK₃ and antagonists of tachykinin receptors NK₁ or NK₂.
3. The binding characteristics of SP receptors were examined in rabbit cultured corneal epithelial cells by binding assays with [¹²⁵I]-SP in the presence or absence of excess unlabelled SP or ligands of NK₁, NK₂ or NK₃ receptors.
4. As was demonstrated previously, SP and IGF-1 stimulated epithelial migration when they were added to the culture medium together, but individually they had no effect. NK₁ agonists had the same synergistic effect with IGF-1 as did SP, but the NK₂ and NK₃ agonists did not. Furthermore, the NK₁ antagonist abolished the synergistic effect of SP and IGF-1, but the NK₂ antagonist had no effect.
5. SP bound specifically to rabbit cultured corneal epithelial cells. The binding affinity was 0.44 nM and there were 2.43×10⁴ binding sites per cell. The NK₁ ligand competed, in a dose-dependent fashion, with the binding of SP to corneal epithelial cells, but neither the NK₂ nor NK₃ ligand affected binding.
6. We conclude that the SP receptor in rabbit corneal epithelial cells is NK₁ and that this receptor participates in the synergistic enhancement of corneal epithelial migration by SP and IGF-1. The precise mechanism(s) of this interaction requires more study. These findings imply that both neural and humoral factors are essential for the maintenance and healing of corneal epithelium.