立体定向机器人在神经内镜血肿清除术中的临床应用研究

目的 研究立体定向机器人系统在神经内镜颅内血肿清除术中的临床应用效果。方法 2020年1月至2021年10月入住延安大学附属医院62例颅内出血患者,所有患者均行立体定向机器人系统引导神经内镜颅内血肿清除术,观察血肿清除率、术后并发症,并随访记录患者恢复情况。结果 本组患者穿刺置入手术通道均一次性成功,术后CT证实手术实际路径与规划路径基本符合,血肿清除率91.3%,未出现医源性损伤。患者术前和术后3月KSP评分明显改善,差异有统计学意义。结论 立体定向机器人与神经内镜的结合充分体现了微创、精准、安全的现代手术理念,值得在临床推广应用。     

大型海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的体积分割伽玛刀治疗

目的 研究按体积分割分次伽玛刀治疗大型海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的治疗效果和副反应发生情况。方法 分析18例直径大于3 cm的海绵窦海绵状血管瘤患者,均采用体积分割的方式予以2~4次伽玛刀治疗,首次治疗一般选择肿瘤的基底部,边缘剂量为13 Gy,其后每次治疗间隔3~12个月,边缘剂量根据肿瘤的缩小情况以及解剖位置取12~13 Gy,并保证9 Gy的剂量曲线不与视神经和视交叉重合。结果 随访6~51个月,平均随访18个月,所有患者在第1次伽玛刀治疗后3~6个月就可见病灶明显缩小,5例患者在首次治疗3个月后病灶体积缩小25.3%~46.6%,平均缩小36.7%,13例患者首次治疗6个月后病灶体积缩小25.8%~65.5%,平均缩小47.1%。随着剩余分次伽玛刀治疗的完成,病灶继续缩小。所有患者在伽玛刀治疗后未出现临床症状加重以及新的神经功能受损,其中15例患者在第1次治疗后3~6个月后症状就得到改善,3例患者复查中症状无明显变化,症状改善率为83.3%。结论 采用从基底部开始的体积分割分次伽玛刀治疗大型海绵窦海绵状血管瘤是一种安全有效的治疗方式,在有效控制肿瘤生长的同时能改善患者的临床症状,可作为此类病变的主要治疗方式。     

Long-term Outcomes of Gamma Knife Surgery for Posterior Fossa Arteriovenous Malformations

The long-term outcomes of gamma knife surgery (GKS) in patients with posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) were retrospectively analyzed in 82 patients followed up for more than 5 years to evaluate the efficacy and safety. The median AVM volume at GKS was 0.95 cm³. The prescribed dose to the AVM margin was median 18 Gy with 1–18 isocenters. The actual complete AVM obliteration rate was 58.5% at 3 years and 78.0% at 5 years. The significant factors for higher complete obliteration rate were younger patient age and smaller maximum/minimum nidus diameter ratio. Two patients experienced hemorrhage caused by residual AVM rupture at 4 and 49 months. Twenty patients developed peri-nidal edema as an adverse radiation-induced reaction at median 13 months. One patient developed radiation-induced necrosis at 6.8 years. Neurological complication was observed in 12 patients and 6 patients remained with neurological dysfunction permanently. Larger nidus volume and location adjacent to an eloquent area significantly increased the risk of neurological complication. Pittsburgh radiosurgery-based AVM grading scale was significantly correlated with the outcome of neurological symptoms after GKS. GKS achieved acceptable and complete obliteration rate for posterior fossa AVM with relatively low risk of morbidity on neuroimaging and neurological symptoms for the long-term period after treatment. We recommend conformable and selective treatment planning to achieve both obliteration of the AVM nidus and preservation of neurological function.     

Cushing’s disease: A single centre’s experience using the linear accelerator (LINAC) for stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy

Cushing’s disease is hypercortisolaemia secondary to an adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting pituitary adenoma. Primary management is almost always surgical, with limited effective medical interventions available. Adjuvant therapy in the form of radiation is gaining popularity, with the bulk of the literature related to the Gamma Knife. We present the results from our own institution using the linear accelerator (LINAC) since 1990. Thirty-six patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), one patient who underwent fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) and for the purposes of comparison, 13 patients who had undergone conventional radiotherapy prior to 1990, were included in the analysis. Serum cortisol levels improved in nine of 36 (25%) SRS patients and 24 hour urinary free cortisol levels improved in 13 of 36 patients (36.1%). Tumour volume control was excellent in the SRS group with deterioration in only one patient (3%). The patient who underwent FSRT had a highly aggressive tumour refractory to radiation.     

Fatal glioblastoma after Gamma Knife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation in a child

We describe a fatal case of glioblastoma multiforme that was induced by Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS; Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) for an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). A 4-year-old girl presented with repeated convulsions. Imaging studies revealed an AVM located in the right thalamus. One year after initial symptoms, GKS was performed to obliterate the nidus. The maximum and marginal radiation doses were 32 and 16 Gy, respectively. Seventy months after GKS, the patient represented with severe headache. MRI showed a poorly demarcated tumor with heterogeneous gadolinium enhancement in the right thalamus and adjacent to the white matter of the temporal lobe. After a generalised convulsion, the patient deteriorated into a deep coma. CT scans showed severe brain swelling with intratumoral hemorrhage. An emergency craniotomy was performed, and the hematoma was removed. During this surgery, a tumor mass, which was found adjacent to the hematoma, was resected. Microscopic examination revealed glioblastoma multiforme. Despite intensive treatment, the patient died 1 month after surgery. A GKS-induced secondary tumor is a rare but serious complication. It is important to be aware of the adverse effects of GKS, including secondary neoplasms, before its clinical application, especially in young patients.     

立体定向靶向脑室内注射尿激酶治疗脑室出血铸型疗效分析

目的探讨立体定向靶向注射尿激酶治疗脑室出血铸型的疗效。方法采用立体定向靶向穿刺单侧或双侧脑室,后予以脑室内注射尿激酶行纤溶治疗,拔管后联合腰大池持续引流,预后采用ADL评定。结果全部未见颅内感染及再出血等并发症,ADLⅠ级2例,ADLⅡ级8例,ADLⅢ级8例,ADLⅣ级4例,ADLⅤ级2例,自动出院2例。结论立体定向靶向脑室内注射尿激酶治疗脑室出血铸型是挽救生命的一种重要方法,其方法安全、有效。     

杏仁核海马立体定向射频热凝毁损术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的临床研究

目的分析采用杏仁核海马立体定向射频热凝毁损术(SAHE)治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的方法、癫痫控制情况及神经心理学功能影响,评估SAHE的效果及安全性。方法选取48例内侧颞叶癫痫行外科手术治疗患者为研究对象,分析其一般资料、SAHE治疗方法及术后癫痫发作消失率、神经心理学功能术后检测情况。结果手术均顺利完成,术后随访6个月~2年,癫痫完全控制率为52.1%,治疗显效率为75.0%,总有效率为89.6%,术后11例(22.9%)患者出现轻度头痛,9例(18.8%)患者术后出现低热,均为给予特殊治疗,未影响后续治疗,后1周患者PIQ、VIQ、MQ有所下降,但是在之后的随访中发现患者术后6个月在神经心理功能各维度评测结果均已恢复至术前水平,术后1周患者PIQ、VIQ、MQ有所下降,但是在之后的随访中发现患者术后6个月在神经心理功能各维度评测结果均已恢复至术前水平。结论 SAHE对内侧颞叶癫痫的治疗效果显著,能够有效的减少术后癫痫发作次数,术后早期会对患者的语言、操作智商、记忆力有一定影响,但长远观察可恢复正常,安全性良好,值得临床推广应用。     

颅内多发病灶的立体定向活检术后病理学结果与MRS结果的比较分析

目的探讨立体定向活检术及磁共振波谱成像（MRS）在颅内多发病灶定性诊断中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析37例经MRI、MRS和立体定向活检术后病理学检查确诊的颅内多发病灶患者的临床资料,其中行有框架定向活检术22例,无框架神经导航定向活检术15例。结果 37例均获得明确病理学诊断,其中低级别胶质瘤19例,高级别胶质瘤8例,淋巴瘤3例,多发脱髓鞘3例,炎性病灶2例,转移癌2例。术后出现癫痫发作1例,活检靶点少量出血1例。病理学诊断与MRS诊断符合率为83.8%（31/37）,误诊率为16.2%（6/37）。结论 MRS在颅内多发病灶的诊断中具有较高的准确性,但仍有一定的误诊率;立体定向活检术微创、安全,在颅内多发病灶的诊断中具有决定性的意义;MRS的代谢变化在活检术靶点选择上具有一定的指导价值。