Is obesity still a risk factor in renal transplantation?

At our center, since 1982, a body mass index (BMI) of less than 30 has been a prerequisite for placing a patient on the waiting list for renal transplantation. This decision was made because obese transplant recipients seemed to have a less than favorable post-transplant outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether this requirement is still justified. Forty-six patients with a BMI above 30 underwent primary cadaveric renal transplantation between 1972 and 1993. For each of these obese patients, five consecutive non-obese (BMI 20–25) control patients were selected. Patient and graft survival, causes of graft loss, and acute rejection rate were evaluated for the two patient groups before and after the year 1982. Within the first 30 post-transplant days, one patient (2 %) and 11 grafts (24 %) were lost in the group of obese patients whereas seven patients (3 %) and 36 grafts (16 %) were lost in the control group. Among the obese patients, renal circulatory complications were a major cause of graft loss. In the period 1973–1981, the 1-year patient survival rate was 65 % among obese patients versus 75 % among controls from 1982 to 1993, this was 90 % versus 93 %. From 1973 to 1981, the 1-year graft survival rate was 25 % among obese patients versus 53 % among controls (P < 0.05); from 1982 to 1993, it was 68 % versus 84 % (P = NS). Multivariate analysis showed that the immunosuppressive regimen, age of the patient, BMI, and cold ischemia time of the graft had a significant influence on graft survival. The acute rejection rate within the first 30 days was 28 % among obese patients and 35 % among controls (P = NS). We conclude that a BMI below or equal to 30 is still justified as a prerequisite for placement on the waiting list for renal transplantation, for despite an overall improvement, the outcome of renal transplantation in obese patients remains worse than that in non-obese patients. Received: 3 February 1997 Received after revision: 4 April 1997 Accepted: 8 April 1997     

Effects of different doses of alkaline citrate on urine composition and crystallization of calcium oxalate

Summary Prophylactic treatment with alkaline citrate in patients with recurrent calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone disease results in reduced CaOx supersaturation and increased urinary citrate. The effects of a single evening dose were compared with those of two and three daily doses in six recurrent CaOx stone formers with hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia or raised calcium/citrate quotients. While on a standardized hospital diet the patients were given 7.5 g (28 mmol) of sodium potassium citrate (URALYT-U) in one, two, and three doses. Fractional urine collections during 24 hours were analyzed for pH, composition, and crystallization risk (CR). All dosage regimens had favourable effects on urinary calcium, citrate, calcium/citrate quotients, and CaOx-CR. The most sustained effect was recorded with three divided doses. Single evening doses resulted in the most pronounced effects between 22.00–06.00 h, thereby counteracting the increased risk of CaOx crystallization during that period. In terms of 24 h urine composition the best effect was recorded with alkaline citrate administered three times daily, but because of the favourable response by a single evening dose between 22.00–06.00 h the assumption was made that this dosage regimen might be sufficient to reduce the risk of CaOx crystallization and stone formation. However, the validity of such an assumption can only be established by long-term clinical studies.     

Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Horseshoe Kidney and Preoperative Superselective Renal Artery Embolization: A Case Report

Only rarely is renal cell carcinoma encountered in a horseshoe kidney. This is a case report on renal cell carcinoma in a horseshoe kidney, in which superselective renal artery embolization was performed preoperatively. CT and digital subtraction angiography revealed a horseshoe kidney with a 3-cm tumor in the left side. Superselective renal artery embolization of the tumor was performed as a prerequisite procedure for the organ-preserving surgery of simple enucleation. Preoperative superselective renal artery embolization can be an effective tool to facilitate organ-preserving surgery in a horseshoe kidney.     

达利珠单抗预防致敏受者肾移植后排斥反应的临床研究

目的　探讨用达利珠单抗诱导治疗预防致敏受者肾移植后急性排斥反应的有效性与安全性。方法　将 36例群体反应性抗体为 30 %～ 5 0 %的致敏受者随机分为舒莱组和对照组 ,各 18例 ,舒莱组患者于移植术前 2h和术后第 4d接受达利珠单抗 (2 0mg/次 )诱导治疗 ,两个组术后均以环孢素A、霉酚酸酯和皮质激素预防排斥反应。结果　舒莱组术后 3个月内的急性排斥反应发生率明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;术后 2～ 4周内对照组平均每日皮质激素用量明显高于舒莱组 ;两个组人 /肾 1年存活率的差异无显著性 ;舒莱组术后肾功能的恢复较对照组快 ,但差异无显著性 ;舒莱组术后1周内CD2 5 淋巴细胞数明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ;未观察到达利珠单抗的相关不良反应。结论　在合理筛选供受者的基础上 ,致敏受者肾移植前接受达利珠单抗诱导治疗可降低术后急性排斥反应的发生率 ,且较为安全。     

肾癌合并静脉瘤栓的外科治疗效果观察

目的 观察肾癌根治性切除加瘤栓取出术治疗肾癌合并静脉瘤栓的效果。方法 总结8例肾脏恶性肿瘤合并静脉瘤栓患者的临床及病理资料。男7例，女1例。平均年龄58岁。右侧7例，左侧1例。Robson分期Ⅲ期5例，Ⅳ期3例。瘤栓类型：肾静脉型1例，肝下型4例，肝上型3例。结果 7例患者行肾肿瘤根治性切除加瘤栓取出术，1例行右肾肿瘤及右肾上腺根治性切除术，腔静脉瘤栓放射治疗。1例瘤栓达右心房者术中死亡。随访7例，3例分别存活2、4和22个月，均死于远隔转移。4例术后已随访12、14、25和47个月者现仍无瘤存活。结论 肾肿瘤根治性切除加瘤栓取出术是治疗肾癌合并静脉瘤栓的有效方法。     

肾创伤的生物力学性质及其临床特点

目的总结肾创伤生物力学性质及其临床特点。方法回顾本院2000年1月至2006年1月间收治的326例肾创伤病例,分析创伤过程中生物力学因素发挥的临床效应。结果随着暴力动量的增大,肾创伤等级、肾切除率及死亡率均随之增高,有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。钝性暴力相对于锐性更容易造成闭合伤和合并伤,且肾切除率低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．01)。后腰着力的肾伤情重于腹部正面或侧面着力,且合并伤发生率低(P＜0．05)。创伤瞬间速度变化的趋向对伤情等级、肾切除率及死亡率无明显影响(P＞0．05)。结论肾创伤过程中暴力的生物力学性质与其临床表现紧密相关。     

移植肾自发性破裂(附15例报告)

目的：总结移植肾自发性破裂的病因，临床表现，诊治及预防，方法：15例患者中，手术探查12例（9例保留移植肾，用明胶海绵填压或医用粘合胶粘贴联合减压，引流处理，3例切除移植肾），3例保守治疗。结果：移植肾切除3例患者行血液透析维持，手术保留移植肾9例和3例保守治疗患者痊愈出院，其中2例手术保留移植肾患者分别于出院98d和6个月因肺部感染，心衰死亡，其他病例随访3－31个月，平均19个月，肾功能均良好，结论：移植肾自发性破裂发生的确切原因尚未清楚，结合临床症状行B超检查对确诊此症价值较高，及时发现，尽早行内，外科联合处理对于移植肾破裂的治疗是重要的，明胶海绵或医用粘合胶粘贴联合减压，引流是一种有效的治疗方法，另外，预防也是一重要环节。     

小鼠肾组织体外培养的研究

目的通过观察胚龄12、14、16天胎鼠和生后1天的仔鼠的后肾组织体外培养的存活发育情况,与同期在体比较,建立能模拟体内生存环境稳定的肾组织培养模型。方法采用体外培养倒置显微镜观察,光镜连续切片技术结合体视学定量分析方法,观察、检测培养后肾组织的存活情况以及培养前后肾脏皮质的发育状况。结果对同一胚（日）龄小鼠后肾组织随培养时间逐渐发育,直至成熟;且随胚（日）龄的增加,肾组织块存活比率逐渐下降,肾脏皮质的发育呈下降趋势。结论小鼠后肾组织体外培养胚（日）龄越小其存活发育情况越好,E12天取材培养的肾组织与在体发育一致,利用微孔膜肾组织培养是一种简便有效的神经组织体外培养方法。     

体外膜肺联合血液滤过治疗肺肾衰竭的实验研究

目的 观察体外膜氧合器（ECMO）联合高容量血液滤过（HVHF）对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）、急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的治疗作用。 方法 采用实验犬32只，随机分为A、B、C、D 4组。静脉注射油酸复制ARDS模型及双侧输尿管结扎复制急性肾功能衰竭模型。A组用ARDS呼吸机治疗；B组ARDS用ECMO治疗；C组ARDS＋ARF用HVHF治疗；D组ARDS＋ARF用ECMO联合HVHF治疗。监测血气、血流动力学以及血生化等指标。 结果 治疗后B组氧分压（PaO2）逐步上升，在治疗4 h后高于A组[（95.58±8.14） 比（82.79±12.37） mm Hg，P < 0.05]； C组PaO2治疗中较成模时无明显改善；D组PaO2呈逐渐上升趋势，在各时间点均高于C组（P < 0.05）。各组血流动力学指标在治疗中保持稳定。C、D组HVHF治疗后Scr、BUN明显降低[C组：Scr (320.89±65.42) 比(655.04±181.22) μmol/L，BUN (20.42±6.65) 比（41.53±10.59）mmol/L；D组：Scr (334.15±45.97)比（697.48±101.66） μmol/L，BUN (19.12±6.39) 比（39.10±11.60） mmol/L，P均< 0.01]。 结论 ECMO可以有效地改善ARDS低氧血症，联合HVHF可以提供肺肾功能联合支持。     

浙江省某乡村慢性肾脏病的流行病学研究

目的 研究我国南方某农村人群中慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病率及相关因素。方法 对浙江省东阳市某乡村18岁以上的常住居民慢性肾脏病情况及相关因素进行调查和检测。结果 获得完整资料的居民占该村18岁以上自然人口的76．2％。将该村自然人口按年龄性别构成校正后，白蛋白尿发生率为10．4％；肾小球滤过率〈60ml·min^-1·（1．73m^2）^-1的发生率为3．0％；血尿发生率为1．4％。本研究中40岁以上调查对象与北京市某社区及NHANESⅢ中40岁以上调查对象相比，高血压及糖尿病的患病率较低，白蛋白尿和肾功能下降的发生率介于2者之间。多因素Logistic回归提示，年龄增加10岁、糖代谢异常及收缩压水平与白蛋白尿的发生独立相关；女性、年龄增加10岁、高尿酸血症与肾功能下降独立相关；年龄增加10岁及吸烟与血尿独立相关。结论 在该经济快速发展的南方乡村，CKD的疾病谱和相关因素已经与我国大城市和发达国家类似。此外，该人群可能另有导致CKD高发的特殊原因，需进一步研究。