蚊虫的共生菌及其在媒介控制中的应用

许多昆虫与寄生在昆虫体表或肠道细胞中的微生物建立了共生关系。臭虫、蚜虫、猎蝽等昆虫可以依靠非最佳食物为生，这一是由于其特殊的生存环境，还由于其体内的共生微生物可以帮助合成和补充其食物中所缺乏的必需营养物质。蚊虫也与其肠道中共生细菌有着密切的联系。成蚊喜产卵于富舍细菌的水体中，水体细菌成为蚊虫幼虫的重要食物来源。伊蚊和库蚊幼虫正常生长发育不可缺少细菌，在无菌条件下饲养，蚊虫或其他媒介昆虫不能正常发育至成熟或不能传播人畜疾病。该文对蚊虫与细菌的共生现象以及其在以下几方面的应用进行综述，（1）蚊虫共生细菌的分离与鉴定，（2）共生细菌的形成与传代，（3）共生细菌在昆虫中的分布，并讨论了经过遗传改造的蚊虫共生细菌对蚊虫防治及控制疟疾等由昆虫传播的疾病的应用前景。     

Tendon Graft—Ulna Fixation in Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Stabilisation; Biomechanical Comparison of Three Graft-Bone Fixation Methods

A common distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) stabilisation procedure uses a tendon graft running from the lip of the radial sigmoid notch to the ulnar fovea and through a bony tunnel to the ulnar shaft, before being wrapped round the distal ulna and sutured to itself. Such graft fixation can be challenging and requires a considerable tendon length. The graft length could be reduced by fixing the graft to the ulna using a bone anchor or interference screw. The aim of this study was to compare the strength of three distal ulna graft fixation methods (tendon wrapping and suturing, bone anchor and interference screw). Four human cadaveric ulnae were used. A tendon strip was run through a tunnel in the distal ulna and secured by: (1) wrapping round the shaft and suturing it to itself, (2) a bone anchor and (3) an interference screw in the bone tunnel. Load to failure was determined using a custom-made apparatus and an Instron machine. Maximum failure load was highest for the bone anchor fixation (99.3 ± 23.7 N) followed by the suturing (96.2 ± 12.1 N), and the interference screw fixation (46.9 ± 5.6 N). There was no significant difference between the tendon suturing and bone anchor methods, but the tendon suturing was statistically significantly higher compared to the interference screw (P = 0.028). In performing anatomical stabilisation of the DRUJ fixation of the tendon graft to the distal ulna with a bone anchor provides the most secure fixation. This may make the stabilisation technique less demanding and require a smaller tendon graft.     

132例男性不育患者遗传学病因分析

目的：对男性不育患者进行遗传学病因分析，并探讨其遗传效应。方法：采取132例男性不育患者外周血进行染色体核型分析。结果：132例男性不育患者中，染色体异常24例，染色体变异22例。其中大Y20例，47，XXY18例，45．XY，t(13；14)3例，小Y和46，XY，inv(9)各2例，46，XY，t(9；22)1例。结论：染色体异常是男性不育的重要原因，并建议男性不育患者进行基因诊断，以便确诊是否属于遗传病，为生育提供指导，避免盲目治疗。     

人工繁殖恒河猴的血清前清蛋白、转铁蛋白、苹果酸脱氢酶和醇脱氢酶遗传多态性研究

用薄层聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析118头人繁殖恒河猴血清四种蛋白质和同工酶遗传基因位点的多态性,结果表明,除醇脱氢酶(ADH)为单态外,其余三个基因位点均表现多态,前清蛋白(PA)可分为AA、AB、AC、AD和BB、CC,EE七种表型,各基因的频率为A 0.85,B 0.072,C 0.042,D 0.009,E 0.034转铁蛋白(Tf)可分为CC、DD、EE、FFGG、CD、CE、CG、CH、DE、DF、DG、DH、EF、EG、EH、FG十七种表型,墓因频率为C 0.064,D 0.380,E 0.188,F 0.111,G 0.244,H 0.014,苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)可分MDH)1-1和MDH2-1两种表型,基因频率为MDH~10.958和MDH~20.042。     

Familial Sneddon's syndrome

We report the familial occurrence and apparent autosomal dominant inheritance of Sneddon's syndrome with variable clinical expression. The proband, a 40-year-old woman, presented with livedo reticularis and progressive neurological deterioration following a stroke. The diagnosis was confirmed by cerebral angiogram and skin biopsy, both showing the characteristic findings. Two of the patient's sisters were reported to have been similarly affected in the past. Her mother, two additional siblings and five of her seven children exhibited various vasospastic skin phenomena. Familial aggregation of this disorder may be common and a genetic basis may be involved in its pathogenesis.     

对成人型多囊肾病家系成员进行症前基因诊断

目的 探讨对中国成人型多囊肾病(APKD)家系成员进行症前基因诊断的方法。方法 应用PCR技术扩增与PKDl位点紧密连锁的微小卫星体DNA遗传标记,进行基因连锁的家系分析。结果 对一个APKD家系中的无临床症状,且B超检查呈阴性结果的6个孩子做出了症前基因诊断:5个孩子(5～15岁)携带PKDl基因;仅1个11岁女孩是正常的个体。结论 能够应用PCR技术对中国的成人型多囊肾病家系成员快速、准确地做出症前基因诊断。     

Linkage studies of psychiatric disorders

Summary Linkage analysis has been successful in identifying the genetic basis of numerous Mendelian diseases. These successes were due in part to the rapid developments in molecular biology, which have yielded a plethora of informative genetic markers. Although there is strong evidence that the manifestation of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders is controlled by genes, no evidence for linkage has been established. For psychiatric disorders, the most important limiting factor is likely to be the lack of single loci with very large effects that occur with any relevant frequency. The difficulties of linkage studies in psychiatric disorders are discussed with reference to non-psychiatric genetic diseases for which linkage to genetic markers has been successful. Recommendations for collecting information to clarify the patterns of transmission of the psychiatric disorders are described.