用M-NRTL模型及平衡空气法交叉验证甘氨酸溶液的渗透压

目的尝试通过药物溶液的浓度计算其渗透压。方法采用M-NRTL模型,由甘氨酸溶液浓度计算其渗透压,并应用平衡空气法测定溶液的渗透压。结果应用双向单侧t检验法和多重检验调整法进行验证,结果显示M-NRTL模型的计算值与平衡空气法的测定值具有等效性。结论可以应用物理模型由药物溶液的浓度计算渗透压值。     

Seasonality of fetal trisomy 21 – have ambient air pollutants played a role?

Objective: To examine the seasonality of fetal trisomy 21 and its relationship with ambient air pollutants.

Methods: The averaged incidence by month-of-conception of the 113 cases (2002–2009) in our registry was correlated with month of conception and monthly ambient levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO and NO₂), sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone as reported by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department at the month of, and four-week after, conception.

Results: The incidence was highest in February (3.45/1000 births) and lowest in October (1.28/1000 births), and showed a significant difference (p?=?0.003) and positive correlation (p?=?0.003) from winter to autumn. It was also correlated with NO (p?=?0.017) and inversely with ozone (p?=?0.014) at conception.

Conclusions: Seasonal variation in incidence of fetal trisomy 21 was correlated with ambient levels of nitric oxides and ozone. The role of environmental pollutants on fetal aneuploidy warrants further investigation.     

不同大气污染程度地区学龄儿童呼吸系统疾病及症状发生的比较

目的：：了解北京市不同大气污染程度地区学龄儿童呼吸系统健康状况的差异。方法：在北京市选取污染程度较重的城区A区和较轻的郊区B区作为研究地点,按照整群抽样的方法,分别选取A区的4所小学和B区的3所小学1~4年级学生为研究对象,采用国际标准化问卷对儿童呼吸系统疾病及症状的流行情况进行调查。结果：与污染程度较轻的B区相比,A区儿童的咳嗽(62.2% vs.59.9%)、持续性咳嗽(6.3% vs.3.1%)、咳痰(42.4% vs.37.4%)、持续性咳痰(3.6% vs.2.4%)、喘鸣(13.3% vs.9.9%)和哮喘(9.5% vs.5.4%)等症状的发生率均较高,且经统计学检验,除咳嗽、感冒时咳嗽、不感冒时咳嗽外,儿童呼吸系统其他疾病及症状发生率在两区之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。运用Logistic回归模型控制混杂因素后,A区儿童持续性咳嗽、不感冒时咳痰、哮喘发生的危险性仍高于B区的儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：污染程度较重的地区儿童呼吸系统疾病及症状发生率高于污染程度较轻的地区,提示大气污染与学龄儿童呼吸系统疾病和症状发生情况有关。     

Spatial analysis of exposure to traffic-related air pollution at birth and childhood atopic asthma in Toronto,Ontario

Findings from the Toronto Child Health Evaluation Questionnaire (TCHEQ) study indicate that early childhood exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is related to the onset of atopic childhood asthma. To test this hypothesis further, we investigated whether spatial patterns in the birth neighbourhood of TCHEQ subjects with atopic asthma (136 of 909 schoolchildren in grades 1–2) could be explained by TRAP and other risk factors. If a causal relationship exists between early childhood residential exposure to TRAP and the development of atopic asthma, we hypothesise that (1) clusters of current asthma should exist around the place of residence at birth, and (2) accounting for residential concentrations of TRAP at birth should explain some of the autocorrelation. Several high asthma clusters were observed. Adjusting for TRAP completely explained one cluster; elsewhere, clusters were only partially explained by TRAP. Findings suggest that exposure during early childhood to TRAP in Toronto is an important contributor to the development of the atopic asthma phenotype and reveal the likely importance of other risk factors not measured in the fixed effects of the model.     

The linkage among ambulance transports,death and climate parameters in Asahikawa City,Japan

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the linkage among climate parameters, total ambulance transports and the number of deaths in Asahikawa City in northern Japan.

Methods

Monthly data on total ambulance transports and the number of deaths from January 2004 to December 2011 were obtained from Asahikawa City Fire Department and the Asahikawa City official website. Climate parameters for the required period were also obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan. To adjust for the population, we also used monthly population data on Asahikawa City. The linkage among climate parameters, total ambulance transports and the number of deaths was evaluated by ecological analysis.

Results

The mean air temperature in the Asahikawa area was 7.3 ± 10.1 °C. Total ambulance transports (/a hundred thousand people/day) and the number of deaths (/a hundred thousand people/day) were 10.0 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.3, respectively. Using quadratic curves, total ambulance transports and the number of deaths were weakly correlated with some climate parameters. The number of deaths was weakly and positively correlated with total ambulance transports.

Conclusion

A weak linkage among climate parameters, total ambulance transports and the number of deaths was noted in Asahikawa City, Japan. However, these associations were not as high as expected.     

Rat models of cardiometabolic diseases: baseline clinical chemistries,and rationale for their use in examining air pollution health effects

Abstract

Individuals with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (CVD) are shown to be more susceptible to adverse health effects of pollutants. Rodent models of CVD are used for examining susceptibility variations. CVD models developed by selective inbreeding are shown to represent the etiology of human disease and metabolic dysfunction. The goal of this article was to review the origin and the pathobiological features of rat models of varying CVD with or without metabolic syndrome and healthy laboratory rat strains to allow better interpretation of the data regarding their susceptibility to air pollutant exposures. Age-matched healthy Sprague–Dawley (SD), Wistar (WIS) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY), and CVD-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SH), Fawn-Hooded hypertensive (FHH), SH stroke-prone (SHSP), SHHF/Mcc heart failure obese (SHHF) and insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp obese (JCR) rat models were considered for this study. The genetics and the underlying pathologies differ between these models. Normalized heart weights correlated with underlying cardiac disease while wide differences exist in the number of white blood cells and platelets within healthy strains and those with CVD. High plasma fibrinogen and low angiotensin converting enzyme activity in FHH might relate to kidney disease and associated hypertension. However, other obese strains with known kidney lesions do not exhibit decreases in ACE activity. The increased activated partial thromboplastin time only in SHSP correlates with their hemorrhagic stroke susceptibility. Increases plasma lipid peroxidation in JCR might reflect their susceptibility to acquire atherosclerosis. These underlying pathologies involving CVD and metabolic dysfunction are critical in interpretation of findings related to susceptibility variations of air pollution health effects.     

空气污染与心率变异性关系的研究进展

心血管疾病是威胁中国居民健康的首要原因,空气污染是影响心血管疾病发生和发展的重要环境危险因素。心率变异性是评价自主神经功能的指标,并且与心血管疾病预后密切相关。研究表明,空气污染可能通过影响心脏自主神经功能而导致心血管疾病的发生,但目前研究结果并不一致。现对国内外空气污染与心率变异性关系的研究现状进行综述。